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virulent
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🇺🇸 /vˈɪɹʌlʌnt/
🇬🇧 /-ɹ(j)ə-/
virulent 主要表示“带毒性、攻击性极强的”:可形容剧毒物质、恶毒激烈的言辞或态度,也常形容能对宿主造成严重伤害的疾病和病原体。
💡 记忆钩子
把 virulent 想成“带着毒、猛烈攻击”的东西:毒液本身是剧毒的,人的话语带“毒”就变得恶毒激烈,疾病或病原体带“毒”则会迅速而严重地伤害宿主。
📝 学习建议
- 先掌握“恶毒激烈”和“致病力强”这两个常见义项,再记“剧毒的”和生物学专门义。
- 不要把 virulent 只理解成“病毒的”;它既可以形容态度或言辞,也可以形容疾病和病原体。
📖 中文释义
adj
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common 剧毒的📖 形容动物、植物或物质含有极强的毒性,会严重伤害或杀死接触它的生物。💡 常见结构是“virulent + 名词”,如形容毒蛇、毒液或毒素;也可以说某种物质本身是 virulent。它强调毒性强,不等同于普通的“有毒”,也不专指病毒。The spider has a highly virulent venom.这种蜘蛛的毒液毒性极强。
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core 恶毒而激烈的📖 形容言辞、批评、争论或敌意像带毒一样尖刻、猛烈,表现出强烈的憎恨或攻击性。💡 常见结构是“virulent criticism/attack/opposition”或“be virulent in one’s hatred”,通常修饰言论、态度和敌意。它比“严厉”或“生气”更强,往往暗示恶意和尖刻,不宜用于普通的不同意见。figurativelyThe newspaper published a virulent attack on the proposed law.这家报纸对拟议中的法律发表了极其恶毒的抨击。She became virulent whenever the subject of the scandal came up.每当提起那桩丑闻,她就会变得异常恶毒激烈。
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core 致病力极强的📖 形容疾病或致病因子对宿主的伤害性很强,容易引起严重病情;这里的“毒”是比喻性的生物医学含义。💡 常见结构是“virulent disease/strain/pathogen”,用于医学和科学语境。它强调造成严重损害的能力,不只是表示疾病传播得快,也不等于单纯的“病毒性”。Doctors are monitoring a virulent strain of the flu.医生正在监测一种致病力很强的流感毒株。The region is facing an outbreak of a particularly virulent disease.该地区正面临一种致病性特别强的疾病暴发。
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rare 裂解宿主细胞的📖 在微生物学中,特指病原体在宿主细胞内复制后立即使该细胞裂解的性质,是“攻击性极强”这一核心概念的专门化用法。💡 这一义项主要出现在病毒学和微生物学论文中,通常修饰病原体、噬菌体或相关复制过程。日常英语中看到 virulent 时,一般不需要采用这个非常具体的技术解释。
more virulent
comparative
most virulent
superlative
📘 英文释义 (WordNet)
共 3 组
infectious; having the ability to cause disease
同义词集:
virulent
近似: deadly
harsh or corrosive in tone; ; ; ; ; ; ;
同义词集:
acerb
acerbic
acid
acrid
bitter
blistering
caustic
sulfurous
sulphurous
virulent
vitriolic
an acerbic tone piercing otherwise flowery prose
a barrage of acid comments
her acrid remarks make her many enemies
bitter words
blistering criticism
caustic jokes about political assassination, talk-show hosts and medical ethics
a sulfurous denunciation
a vitriolic critique
近似: unpleasant
extremely poisonous or injurious; producing venom;
同义词集:
deadly
venomous
virulent
venomous snakes
a virulent insect bite
近似: toxic
🌳 词源
源自拉丁语中表示“毒液、黏稠液体或难闻气味”的词,后来引申为“充满毒性、攻击性很强”。生物学中的专门义来自法语用法。
PIE word
*wisós
From Middle English virulent (“leaking or seeping pus, purulent; (of putrefaction) extremely severe (sense uncertain)”) [and other forms], borrowed from Latin vīrulentus (“poisonous”), from vīrus (“poison; venom; slime, slimy liquid; stinking smell; nasty taste”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *wisós (“poison; slime; fluidity”)) + -ulentus (suffix meaning ‘abounding in, full of’, forming adjectives).
Sense 4 (“of a pathogen: replicating within its host cell, then immediately causing it to undergo lysis”) is derived from French virulent, which was first used in this sense by the French biologist François Jacob (1920–2013) and his co-authors in a 1953 article.
🔄 变式
more virulent
compar
most virulent
superl
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