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surface
★★★★
🇺🇸 /sˈɚfʌs/
surface主要表示“表面、外层”，也可表示浮出水面、显现或使信息显现；此外还可作姓氏。
💡 记忆钩子
把surface想成物体或水面最外面的那一层：东西在这一层上、从这一层浮出来，就有了“表面”“浮出水面”的意思；原本隐藏的事实一旦来到这层，也就是“显现、被发现”，而把信息带到这层则是“使其显现”。
📝 学习建议
- 先掌握名词“表面”和动词“浮出、显现”，再学习数学和填字游戏等专门义项。
- surface不只是“外观”，也常指真实物体的外层；表示“表面上看”时，通常带有实际情况可能不同的意味。
📖 中文释义
name
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rare 姓氏📖 这是一个英语姓氏，不表示普通名词“表面”。
Surfaces
plural
noun
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core 表面；表层📖 指平面物体的上面，或液体与空气接触的那一层。它是“最外面、最先接触到的那一层”这一核心概念的直接用法。💡 常用“the surface of + 物体”表示某物的表面，也可说“on the surface”。不要把surface误当成只指水平的“上面”，物体外壳也可以叫surface。A thin layer of dust covered the surface of the table.桌面上覆盖着一层薄薄的灰尘。The leaves floated on the surface of the pond.树叶漂浮在池塘水面上。
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core 外壳；外层📖 指有形物体包在最外面的那一层，强调物体的外部边界，而不只是一个平面。💡 常用“the surface of + 物体”或“a smooth/rough surface”描述外层的性质。谈建筑、材料或人体等有形对象时，这个义项比“外观”更具体。The metal surface became hot in the afternoon sun.金属外壳在午后的阳光下变热了。
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common 外表；表面形象📖 引申指人或事物呈现给外界的样子，关注的是外在印象，不一定代表真实情况。💡 常用“on the surface”表示“表面上看”，也可用“the surface appearance of + 名词”。这个用法常暗示深入了解后可能会发现不同的内情。figurativelyOn the surface, the plan seems simple, but it has several hidden problems.表面上看，这个计划很简单，但它有几个隐藏的问题。
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rare 曲面📖 在数学中，surface指满足某个方程、位于更高维空间中的曲面，是“外部边界或表层”概念的技术化用法。💡 这是数学和几何学术语，通常出现在“a surface in space”或“the surface defined by an equation”等结构中。日常英语里通常仍指普通的物体表面。
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rare 填字线面📖 在隐语填字游戏中，surface指把线索当作普通句子直接读时呈现出的故事或画面，而不是其中真正的文字游戏答案。💡 这个义项只用于填字游戏讨论，常与“cryptic clue”或“the surface of the clue”连用。不要在一般语境中用它表示普通“表面故事”。
surfaces
plural
verb
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common 给……加表层📖 指给道路等物体铺上或加上一层外部材料，使它形成新的表面。💡 常用“surface + 道路/地面 + with + 材料”，也可用被动结构“be surfaced with + 材料”。这里的surface是及物动词，不是简单的“出现在表面”。transitiveThe workers surfaced the path with a layer of gravel.工人们给小路铺了一层碎石。
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core 浮出水面📖 指人或物从水下上升到水面，进入能被看见的位置；它正好体现了“来到最外层”的核心画面。💡 常用不及物结构“surface from + 水下地点”，也可单独说“finally surface”。不要说“surface the water”来表示自己浮出水面；带宾语时通常是“使某物浮出水面”的另一义项。intransitiveThe diver surfaced after two minutes underwater.潜水员在水下两分钟后浮出了水面。
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common 使浮出水面📖 指把潜水艇等物体从水下带到水面，使它出现在外层位置。💡 常用及物结构“surface + 物体”，尤其用于潜水艇等水下设备。它和不及物用法不同：物体自己上来时说“the submarine surfaced”，操作者使它上来时说“surface the submarine”。transitiveThe captain surfaced the submarine before the inspection.检查前，船长让潜水艇浮出了水面。
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common 现身；不再躲藏📖 引申指原本躲藏的人重新出现，仿佛从隐藏处来到可见的“表面”。💡 这是不及物用法，常用“surface after + 时间”或“surface in + 地点”。语气通常比普通的“出现”更强调此前躲着、失联或避开注意。figuratively intransitiveThe suspect surfaced in another town two weeks later.两周后，嫌疑人在另一座城镇现身了。
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core 浮现；显现📖 指事实、问题、信息或内容从隐藏状态进入人们能看见、听见或注意到的状态。它把“来到表面”转成了“变得明显、被发现”。💡 常用不及物结构“a fact/problem/detail surfaces”或“surface in + 语境”。它强调某事自行显现或被发现；若强调某人主动公开信息，应使用及物义项“surface + 信息”。intransitiveNew details surfaced during the investigation.调查过程中浮现出了新的细节。The mistake surfaced when we checked the final report.我们检查最终报告时发现了这个错误。
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common 使……显现；公开📖 指主动把信息、事实或内容带到人们看得见、知道的位置，使其显现出来。💡 常用“surface + 信息/事实/内容”作及物结构，也可说“surface information for + 人”。不要把它简单等同于“发布”；surface更强调让原本不易发现的内容被找到或注意到。transitiveThe app surfaces useful articles based on your interests.这款应用会根据你的兴趣显示有用的文章。
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rare 在近地表处采矿📖 在采矿行业中，surface指在接近地表的位置开采矿物，是“在表层工作”的专业用法。💡 这是采矿业术语，通常出现在有关矿井、矿层或开采方式的技术文本中。日常语境中不要用它代替普通的“在表面工作”。intransitive
surfaces
present,singular,third-person
surfacing
participle,present
surfaced
participle,past
surfaced
past
📘 英文释义 (WordNet)
共 10 组
appear or become visible; make a showing;
同义词集:
come on
come out
turn up
surface
show up
She turned up at the funeral
I hope the list key is going to surface again
上位: appear
put a coat on; cover the surface of; furnish with a surface
同义词集:
coat
surface
coat the cake with chocolate
上位: cover
下位: cement, copper, crumb, daub, dredge, egg, finish, glaze, grit, macadamise, macadamize, metal, paint, pave, plaster, plate, render, rubber, rubberise, rubberize, seal, size, skim, soot, stucco, tar, tarmac, varnish, zinc
come to the surface
同义词集:
surface
come up
rise up
rise
上位: ascend, go up
下位: emerge, swell, well
on the surface
同义词集:
surface
surface materials of the moon
反义: overhead, subsurface
a device that provides reactive force when in motion relative to the surrounding air; can lift or control a plane in flight
同义词集:
airfoil
aerofoil
control surface
surface
上位: device
下位: elevator, flap, flaps, rudder, spoiler, stabilizer, wing
the outer boundary of an artifact or a material layer constituting or resembling such a boundary;
同义词集:
surface
there is a special cleaner for these surfaces
the cloth had a pattern of red dots on a white surface
上位: artefact, artifact
下位: bed, board, face, gameboard, ground, horizontal surface, level, meniscus, plaster, plasterwork, projection screen, screen, side, silver screen, skin, tread
information that has become public;
同义词集:
open
surface
all the reports were out in the open
the facts had been brought to the surface
a superficial aspect as opposed to the real nature of something
同义词集:
surface
it was not what it appeared to be on the surface
上位: aspect, facet
the extended two-dimensional outer boundary of a three-dimensional object; ;
同义词集:
surface
they skimmed over the surface of the water
a brush small enough to clean every dental surface
the sun has no distinct surface
上位: bound, boundary, bounds
下位: celestial sphere, empyrean, end, exterior, face, firmament, heavens, inside, interface, interior, outside, palate, roof of the mouth, side, sphere, substrate, substratum, vault of heaven, welkin
the outermost level of the land or sea;
同义词集:
surface
earth's surface
earthquakes originate far below the surface
three quarters of the Earth's surface is covered by water
上位: layer
下位: floor
🌳 词源
名词和动词均源自法语surface，并与英语superficies构成同源异形词。作为姓氏时，词源未详。
Borrowed from Middle French surface. By surface analysis, sur- + face. Doublet of superficies.
🔄 变式
surfaced
past
Surfaces
plural
surfacing
present
🏷 单词标签 & 词根