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suffer

★★★★
🇺🇸 /sˈʌfɚ/
verb 编号: S05735 牛津3000 BNC #821 COCA #1099
suffer 是“承受、受苦”的动词：可以指人经历困难或感到疼痛，也可以指情况变糟；较正式地还可表示忍受某人的行为，古旧用法中表示允许。
💡 记忆钩子
把 suffer 想成“背着重物往前走”：人背负困难就是受苦，身体背负伤痛就是感到疼；事情背着压力则会变糟，忍受侮辱也是把令人难受的东西继续扛着。另有一个古旧分支是“容许某事发生”，但现代英语中很少这样用。
📝 学习建议
  • 学习时先掌握“受苦、遭受疼痛”和“情况恶化”这条主线，不要把 suffer 一律只记成“痛苦”。
  • 看到 suffer 时先判断主语是人还是事情：人通常是在承受困难或疼痛，事情则常表示状况变差。
📖 中文释义
verb
  • core 经历苦难
    📖 指人在生活、工作或其他处境中承受困难和艰辛，重点是经历一段不容易的过程，不一定专指身体疼痛。
    💡 常用“人 + suffer”表示受苦，也可用 `suffer from + 困难或问题` 指明苦难的来源。这个用法既可用于个人，也可用于群体，语气比普通的“遇到麻烦”更强，不能把主语误解为造成困难的人。
    intransitive
    Many families suffered during the long drought.
    许多家庭在长期干旱期间受了苦。
    She suffered for years after losing her home.
    她失去家园后，多年来一直过得很艰难。
  • core 感到疼痛
    📖 指身体或精神上承受痛苦，尤其强调痛苦本身，而不只是发生了受伤这件事。
    💡 可用 `suffer from + 疾病、疼痛或症状`，也可直接用 suffer 表示正在受痛苦。它不只用于身体疼痛，也能描述精神上的痛苦；不要把它误认为一定表示病情严重或即将死亡。
    intransitive
    He suffered from severe back pain after the accident.
    事故后，他饱受严重的背痛折磨。
    The dog was badly injured but did not suffer for long.
    那只狗伤得很重，但没有痛苦太久。
  • common 变得更糟
    📖 主语通常不是人，而是工作、经济、关系或其他事物，表示它因压力、忽视或不利条件而恶化、受影响。
    💡 常用“某事物 + suffer”或 `suffer because of/from + 原因`，后面通常不接表示受害者的宾语。这个用法不表示事物真的感到疼痛，而是说质量、结果或状况下降；汉语使用者容易只按“受苦”来理解。
    intransitive
    The quality of the food suffered when the restaurant became too busy.
    餐馆变得太忙后，食物的质量下降了。
  • common 忍受
    📖 指长期承受某人的侮辱、粗暴行为或其他令人不快的事，带有“勉强扛住、不再愿意忍”的意味。
    💡 常用 `suffer + 令人不快的行为或事物`，也可用 `suffer through + 过程` 表示熬过一段难受的经历。直接接宾语时语气通常较正式或较强；日常表达“忍受某人”时，不能随意把 suffer 当作最普通的“容忍”来用。
    transitive
    I won't suffer his rude comments any longer.
    我再也不会忍受他的无礼评论了。
  • rare 允许
    📖 这是古旧或法律、宗教文体中的用法，表示允许某人或某事发生，与“承受痛苦”的主线不同。
    💡 常见于古英语、旧式法律文本或仿古表达，结构通常是 `suffer + 人或事 + to do`。现代日常英语中不要用它表示普通的“允许”，应改用更常见的表达。
    archaic transitive
suffers present,singular,third-person suffering participle,present suffered participle,past suffered past suffer first-person,present,singular suffered first-person,past,singular suffer present,second-person,singular sufferest archaic,present,second-person,singular suffered past,second-person,singular sufferedst archaic,past,second-person,singular suffereth archaic,present,singular,third-person suffered past,singular,third-person suffer plural,present suffered past,plural suffer present,subjunctive suffered past,subjunctive suffer imperative,present - imperative,past
📘 英文释义 (WordNet) 共 11 组
feel pain or be in pain
同义词集: suffer hurt
上位: be 下位: choke, famish, gag, have, hunger, starve, strangle, suffocate
undergo (as of injuries and illnesses); ; ;
同义词集: suffer sustain have get
She suffered a fracture in the accident
He had an insulin shock after eating three candy bars
She got a bruise on her leg
He got his arm broken in the scuffle
上位: experience, get, have, receive 下位: break down, break up, collapse, crack, crack up, cramp, crock up
feel unwell or uncomfortable
同义词集: suffer
She is suffering from the hot weather
上位: be 下位: freeze
get worse
同义词集: suffer
His grades suffered
上位: decline, worsen
be set at a disadvantage;
同义词集: suffer lose
This author really suffers in translation
The painting loses something in this light
上位: decline, worsen
put up with something or somebody unpleasant; ; ;
同义词集: digest endure stick out stomach bear stand tolerate support brook abide suffer put up
I cannot bear his constant criticism
The new secretary had to endure a lot of unprofessional remarks
he learned to tolerate the heat
She stuck out two years in a miserable marriage
上位: allow, countenance, let, permit 下位: accept, live with, pay, swallow
experience (emotional) pain
同义词集: suffer
Every time her husband gets drunk, she suffers
上位: experience, feel 下位: anguish, grieve, lose, sorrow
undergo or be subjected to;
同义词集: suffer endure
He suffered the penalty
Many saints suffered martyrdom
反义: enjoy 上位: experience, go through, see 下位: die, tolerate
undergo or suffer;
同义词集: suffer meet
meet a violent death
suffer a terrible fate
上位: experience, go through, see
feel physical pain
同义词集: hurt ache suffer
Were you hurting after the accident?
上位: comprehend, perceive 下位: catch, get, kill, prick, sting, twinge
be given to
同义词集: suffer
She suffers from a tendency to talk too much
上位: be given, incline, lean, run, tend
🌳 词源
源自拉丁语，原有“承载、托住”的意思，后来发展出“承受、受苦”等含义。
Proto-Indo-European *upó Proto-Italic *supo Latin sub Latin sub- Proto-Indo-European *bʰer- Proto-Indo-European *-eti Proto-Indo-European *bʰéreti Proto-Italic *ferō Latin ferō Latin suffero Latin sufferre Vulgar Latin *sufferīre Old French suffrirbor. Middle English suffren English suffer From Middle English suffren, from Anglo-Norman suffrir, from Latin sufferre (“to offer, hold up, bear, suffer”), from sub- (“up, under”) + ferō (“to carry”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰer- (“to bear, carry”). Displaced native Old English þrōwian.
🔄 变式
- imperat suffered 1st_sg sufferedst archaic sufferest archaic suffereth archaic suffering present suffers present
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