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subject
★★★★
🇺🇸 /sʌbdʒˈɛkt/
🇬🇧 /ˈsʌb.d͡ʒɪkt/
subject 既可表示“处于某种影响或支配之下”，也可表示“被谈论、研究或分析的对象”；在语法中还指主语，在动词中表示“使某人或某物遭受某事”。
💡 记忆钩子
把 subject 想成“被放在某个位置上的东西”：放在影响、条件或权力之下，就是“受……影响、受制于”；放在句子、讨论或研究的中心，就是“主语、主题或研究对象”；动词则是把某人或某物“放到某种经历之下”，使其遭受某事。
📝 学习建议
- 优先掌握名词的“主题”和语法中的“主语”，再学习形容词短语 subject to；不要把 subject 只理解成“学科”。
- subject to 常表示“受……影响、以……为条件”，不等于简单的“主题是……”。
- 动词 subject 通常用于 subject someone to something，含有使其经历某事的意思，尤其常用于不愉快的经历。
📖 中文释义
adj
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core 容易受到……影响📖 表示某人或某物容易经历某种情况，或会受到某种因素的影响，常常带有不太理想或不可避免的意味。💡 常用模式是 be subject to + 名词，或名词 + subject to + 名词。后面的名词可以表示天气、变化、风险或规则等影响来源。它比普通的“受到”更正式，不能直接接动词原形。Coastal towns are subject to sudden flooding.沿海城镇容易遭遇突发洪水。Prices are subject to change without notice.价格可能随时变动，恕不另行通知。
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core 受条件约束📖 表示某件事不能独立成立，还要取决于某项批准、规则或条件；也就是“在……条件下才有效”。💡 常用结构是 subject to + approval/agreement/conditions，或 be subject to + 某项规则。它强调限制条件，而不是说某事已经确定。翻译时可根据语境译为“须经……批准”“以……为条件”或“受……约束”。The offer is subject to final approval.这项提议须经最终批准。
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rare 位于……之下📖 这是较古旧的空间含义，表示某物位于另一物的下方，可以看作“被放在下面”这一核心意象的直接用法。💡 这一义项主要出现在古英语、诗歌或历史性文本中，现代日常英语很少这样使用。阅读古典文本时不要把它自动理解为“受到影响”。
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rare 受君主或国家统治📖 表示处于某位君主或国家的权力之下，向其效忠或受其统治。💡 通常用于历史、政治或法律语境，常见于 be subject to a ruler/state 一类结构。现代日常表达中通常会用 ruled by 或 under the authority of 来说明统治关系。
more subject
comparative
most subject
superlative
noun
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core 主语📖 在句子中，subject 是句子主要围绕的成分；在主动句里通常是执行动作的人或物，在被动句里也可能是接受动作的对象。💡 常见结构是 the subject of a sentence/clause，或 subject and object。不要把“主语”机械地理解为“动作执行者”：被动句的主语可能是动作承受者。subject 也可指从句的主语。In “The dog chased the ball,” “the dog” is the subject.在“狗追球”这句话中，“狗”是主语。The subject of the passive sentence is the person receiving the message.这个被动句的主语是收到消息的人。
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common 行动者或参与行动的人📖 在较宽泛的讨论中，subject 可以指采取行动、施加影响的人或一方；这是从语法上的“主语”引申出来的用法。💡 这一用法多见于政治、社会理论或较正式的分析文字，常与 power、action 等词搭配。日常英语中不要用它代替所有表示“人”的词，因为它通常强调人在某种行动或权力关系中的位置。The subjects of the study acted independently.研究中的参与者独立采取了行动。
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core 主题；谈论对象📖 指文章、谈话、艺术作品或研究主要围绕的内容，也就是被放在注意力中心的东西。💡 常见结构是 the subject of a discussion/book/painting，或 discuss a subject。它比 topic 稍正式，有时范围也更广；谈论具体一件事时，topic 往往更自然。Climate change was the main subject of the meeting.气候变化是这次会议的主要议题。The painting’s subject is a family gathered around a table.这幅画描绘的主题是一家人围坐在桌旁。
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common 学科📖 指学校或学习中的一门具体学科，例如数学、历史或物理。💡 常见结构是 a school subject、study a subject 或 one’s favorite subject。这里通常指课程学科，不要和表示研究主题的 subject 混淆；上下文会决定是哪一种。History was my favorite subject at school.历史是我上学时最喜欢的学科。
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common 君主制国家的臣民📖 在君主制的法律或历史语境中，表示属于某个君主或王国的公民、臣民。💡 常见结构是 a British subject 或 subjects of the crown。这个词带有历史和法律色彩，现代普通语境谈国籍时通常使用 citizen 或 national。At that time, he was a British subject rather than a citizen.那时他是英国臣民，而不是通常意义上的公民。
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common 被统治的人📖 泛指处于君主、国家或其他权力机构统治之下的人，重点在于其被支配的地位。💡 常见结构是 the king’s subjects 或 rule over one’s subjects。它多用于历史、文学和政治语境，通常不用于现代民主国家中普通公民的日常称呼。The queen promised to protect all her subjects.女王承诺保护她所有的臣民。
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rare 音乐主题或主旋律📖 在赋格等音乐作品中，指贯穿作品、不断变化或重复出现的主要旋律。💡 通常出现在音乐分析中，常与 fugue、melody 或 theme 搭配。日常谈话里表示音乐主题时，theme 往往更容易理解。
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common 研究或实验对象📖 指正在接受研究、检查、治疗或分析的人、动物，甚至物体；临床试验中的受试者也可这样称呼。💡 常见结构是 a research subject、human subject 或 subject of an experiment。医学和研究文本中 subject 很正式，日常表达涉及人时常改用 participant，尤其当强调自愿参与时。The researchers interviewed each subject after the test.测试结束后，研究人员采访了每位受试者。
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rare 具有主观体验的主体📖 在哲学和科学讨论中，指能够产生意识或主观体验、并与其他事物发生关系的存在者。💡 这是哲学和认知科学中的专业用法，常与 subjective experience 或 consciousness 连用。不要把它和日常的“主题”义混为一谈。
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rare 被陈述的对象📖 在逻辑或形式分析中，指某个陈述所谈论、说明或断言的对象。💡 这一用法主要见于逻辑、哲学和语言学术语中，通常需要结合 surrounding statement 等上下文理解。日常英语中通常用 topic、object 或 what is being stated 来表达相关意思。
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rare 公式中要求解的变量📖 在数学中，subject 是通过变形后被单独表示的变量，例如把公式改写成“x 等于某个表达式”。💡 常见结构是 make x the subject of an equation。这里不是语法上的主语，而是“把哪个变量解出来”的专业说法；普通数学表达中也常直接说 solve for x。
subjects
plural
verb
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core 使遭受；使经历📖 表示把某人或某物置于某种经历之中，尤其是令人不快、痛苦或不想要的经历；可以看作把对象“放到某种处境之下”。💡 常见模式是 subject someone/something to + 名词，或 be subjected to + 名词。后面的内容通常是批评、检查、压力、虐待等经历；不要说 subject someone with something。transitiveThe workers were subjected to unsafe conditions.这些工人被迫在不安全的条件下工作。Please don’t subject the audience to another long speech.请不要再让观众听一场冗长的演讲了。
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common 使屈从；使受支配📖 表示通过力量或权力使某人、群体或地方服从，处于他人的控制之下。💡 常见结构是 subject a people/region to + power 或 subject someone to control。这个义项通常带有强制、征服色彩，较正式或偏历史；现代语境中 subdue、conquer 或 dominate 可能更直接。transitiveThe empire subjected neighboring villages to its rule.这个帝国使邻近村庄臣服于其统治。
subjects
present,singular,third-person
subjecting
participle,present
subjected
participle,past
subjected
past
📘 英文释义 (WordNet)
共 14 组
likely to be affected by something;
同义词集:
subject
the bond is subject to taxation
he is subject to fits of depression
近似: affected
make accountable for
同义词集:
subject
He did not want to subject himself to the judgments of his superiors
上位: submit
cause to experience or suffer or make liable or vulnerable to; ;
同义词集:
subject
He subjected me to his awful poetry
The sergeant subjected the new recruits to many drills
People in Chernobyl were subjected to radiation
上位: affect, bear on, bear upon, impact, touch, touch on
下位: expose, incur, put, shipwreck, vitriol
being under the power or sovereignty of another or others;
同义词集:
subject
dependent
subject peoples
a dependent prince
近似: subordinate
possibly accepting or permitting; ; ;
同义词集:
capable
open
subject
a passage capable of misinterpretation
open to interpretation
an issue open to question
the time is fixed by the director and players and therefore subject to much variation
近似: susceptible
make subservient; force to submit or subdue
同义词集:
subjugate
subject
上位: dominate, master
下位: enslave
something (a person or object or scene) selected by an artist or photographer for graphic representation
同义词集:
subject
content
depicted object
a moving picture of a train is more dramatic than a still picture of the same subject
上位: thing
some situation or event that is thought about; ;
同义词集:
topic
subject
issue
matter
he kept drifting off the topic
he had been thinking about the subject for several years
it is a matter for the police
上位: cognitive content, content, mental object
下位: area, remit
a branch of knowledge; ;
同义词集:
discipline
subject
subject area
subject field
field
field of study
study
bailiwick
in what discipline is his doctorate?
teachers should be well trained in their subject
anthropology is the study of human beings
上位: domain, knowledge base, knowledge domain
下位: applied science, architecture, arts, communication theory, communications, divinity, engineering, engineering science, frontier, genealogy, humanistic discipline, humanities, liberal arts, major, science, scientific discipline, technology, theology
(grammar) one of the two main constituents of a sentence; the grammatical constituent about which something is predicated
同义词集:
subject
上位: constituent, grammatical constituent
(logic) the first term of a proposition
同义词集:
subject
上位: term
the subject matter of a conversation or discussion; ;
同义词集:
subject
topic
theme
he didn't want to discuss that subject
it was a very sensitive topic
his letters were always on the theme of love
上位: content, message, subject matter, substance
下位: head, keynote, precedent, question
a person who owes allegiance to that nation
同义词集:
national
subject
a monarch has a duty to his subjects
上位: individual, mortal, person, somebody, someone, soul
下位: citizen, compatriot, nationalist, patriot
a person who is subjected to experimental or other observational procedures; someone who is an object of investigation;
同义词集:
subject
case
guinea pig
the subjects for this investigation were selected randomly
the cases that we studied were drawn from two different communities
上位: individual, mortal, person, somebody, someone, soul
🌳 词源
源自拉丁语，核心意象是“放在下面或置于某物之下”；由此发展出“受支配、处于影响之下”和“被置于讨论或分析之中”等含义。
From Middle English subget, from Old French suget, from Latin subiectus (“lying under or near, adjacent, also subject, exposed”), as a noun, subiectus (“a subject, an inferior”), subiectum (“the subject of a proposition”), past participle of subiciō (“throw, lay, place”), from sub (“under, at the foot of”) + iaciō (“throw, hurl”), as a calque of Ancient Greek ὑποκείμενον (hupokeímenon).
🔄 变式
more subject
compar
most subject
superl
subjected
past
subjecting
present
subjects
plural
🏷 单词标签 & 词根