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sham
★
🇺🇸 /ʃˈæm/
sham 的核心意思是“用假的外表冒充真实”,可作形容词、名词和动词;另可作姓氏,也有一个少见的俚语名词义。
💡 记忆钩子
把 sham 想成一层骗人的外壳:东西本身是假的或不真诚的,就是形容词“虚假的”;这层假货或骗局本身,就是名词“假货、骗局”;用这种外壳去骗人,就是动词“欺骗”,也可以指假装成某种样子。枕头套和装饰性遮盖物是“外壳”这一形象的具体延伸。
📝 学习建议
- 先掌握“虚假的”和“假货、骗局”这条主线,再学习动词用法;枕头套和姓氏等义项放在后面记。
- 不要把 sham 只理解成“羞耻”或普通的“表演”;它通常强调虚假、欺骗或冒充真实。
📖 中文释义
adj
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core 虚假的;为欺骗而设的📖 它形容表面像真的、实际上是为了蒙骗或制造假象的事物,例如并非出于真实感情的婚礼。💡 常用模式是“sham + 具体名词”,例如 sham wedding 或 sham agreement。它通常暗示安排带有欺骗性,而不只是质量不好。修饰感情时也可表示感情是装出来的。The company arranged a sham interview to make the hiring process look fair.这家公司安排了一场假面试,好让招聘过程看起来公平。Their sham friendship ended as soon as the cameras left.镜头一离开,他们那段虚假的友谊就结束了。
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common 冒牌的;不真实的📖 它强调某件东西、表现或情感并不是真实的,只是在外表上装得像真的。💡 常用模式是“sham + 名词”,也可以放在系动词后作表语。这个义项常用于描述感情、态度或表现,不一定表示对方已经成功骗到别人。His apology sounded like sham regret rather than genuine sorrow.他的道歉听起来像是假装后悔,而不是真正的悲伤。
more sham
comparative
most sham
superlative
name
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common 姓氏📖 Sham 可以是英语语境中的姓氏,此时只是人的家族名称,与“欺骗”无关。💡 常用模式是“Sham + 名字”或“Mr./Ms. Sham”。作为姓氏时要保留大写,不能把它当作普通名词或动词使用。Dr. Sham will speak at the community meeting tonight.沙姆医生今晚将在社区会议上发言。
Shams
plural
noun
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core 假货;冒牌物;骗局📖 它指看起来像真的、实际上是假冒的东西,也可以指以假乱真的安排或交易本身。💡 常用模式是“a sham”或“a sham + 名词”,也常说“be a sham”。它既能指具体假货,也能指一项不可信的计划或交易;不要只译成“假装”。countable uncountableThe investment opportunity was a sham designed to take people's money.那项投资机会是一个骗局,目的就是骗走人们的钱。The certificate was a sham, not an official document.这张证书是假的,不是官方文件。
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common 欺骗;骗局手段📖 这里指欺骗别人、制造假象的行为或手段,是“假外壳”本身变成了一场骗局。💡 常用模式是“a sham”或“sham and deceit”一类搭配,语气通常较正式或书面。若要说某人主动实施欺骗,日常表达中更常用动词 sham 或其他表示欺骗的词。countable uncountableThe charity drive turned out to be a sham to collect personal data.这次慈善募捐原来是一场用来收集个人资料的骗局。
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common 假门面;可拆下的装饰外层📖 它指覆盖在真实结构外面的假门面或装饰性外层,用来改变外观而不是改变里面的东西。💡 常用模式是“a sham + 名词”,用于建筑、家具或陈设时较多。这个义项比“假货、骗局”具体,重点是外部遮盖物,而不是欺骗行为本身。countable uncountableThe old building has a sham front hiding the modern offices behind it.这座老建筑有一面假门面,后面藏着现代化的办公室。
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common 装饰性枕套📖 它指套在枕头外面的装饰性套子,主要用来美化床铺,不一定用于睡觉。这个义项仍可联想到“覆盖在外面的装饰层”。💡 常用模式是“a pillow sham”或复数“pillow shams”。它通常放在普通睡枕外面作装饰,不要把它和普通枕套完全当作同一个东西。countable uncountableShe put two blue pillow shams on the bed for decoration.她在床上放了两个蓝色装饰枕套作点缀。
shams
plural
noun
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rare 香槟(俚语)📖 在少见的俚语用法中,sham 是 champagne 的缩略说法,与“虚假”这条主线无关。💡 它主要出现在旧式或特定俚语语境中,通常不可数。现代正式场合应使用 champagne,不要为了表示香槟而主动使用 sham。abbreviation alt-of clipping slang uncountable
verb
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core 欺骗;蒙骗📖 它表示用假的外表、说法或安排让别人相信不真实的东西,也就是把“假外壳”主动套到别人身上。💡 常用模式是“sham + 人”或“sham + 某人 into doing something”,表示骗某人做某事。它比普通的“开玩笑”严重,通常含有欺诈或故意误导。不要把它和只表示“假装”的用法混为一谈。The seller shammed customers into paying for a product that did not exist.卖家骗顾客付款,购买一种根本不存在的产品。They shammed him into believing that the message was from his bank.他们骗得他相信那条消息来自他的银行。
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rare 用欺诈强行塞入📖 它指通过欺诈把虚假的理由、说法或东西强加给别人,是“欺骗”义的较特殊延伸。💡 常见结构是“sham + 某种说法或理由 + upon/onto + 人群”,多见于旧式或正式书面语。现代英语中这种用法很少,通常可用更直接的表达替代。
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common 假装;模仿📖 它表示装出某种人的样子、态度或身份,像给自己套上一层假外壳;重点是模仿或佯装。💡 常用模式是“sham + 名词”或“sham + 形容词”,表示假装成某种人或表现出某种状态。这个用法常带有不真诚意味,不等于单纯练习或扮演角色。He shammed confidence during the interview, although he was very nervous.面试时他假装很有信心,尽管其实非常紧张。
shams
present,singular,third-person
shamming
participle,present
shammed
participle,past
shammed
past
📘 英文释义 (WordNet)
共 5 组
make believe with the intent to deceive;
同义词集:
feign
sham
pretend
affect
dissemble
He feigned that he was ill
He shammed a headache
下位: bull, bullshit, fake, mouth, talk through one's hat
adopted in order to deceive; ; ; ; ; ;
同义词集:
assumed
false
fictitious
fictive
pretended
put on
sham
an assumed name
an assumed cheerfulness
a fictitious address
fictive sympathy
a pretended interest
a put-on childish voice
sham modesty
近似: counterfeit, imitative
make a pretence of;
同义词集:
simulate
assume
sham
feign
She assumed indifference, even though she was seething with anger
he feigned sleep
上位: act, dissemble, pretend
下位: play
something that is a counterfeit; not what it seems to be
同义词集:
fake
sham
postiche
上位: imitation
a person who makes deceitful pretenses
同义词集:
imposter
impostor
pretender
fake
faker
fraud
sham
shammer
pseudo
pseud
role player
上位: beguiler, cheat, cheater, deceiver, slicker, trickster
下位: ringer
🌳 词源
形容词、普通名词和动词的词源说法不完全确定,可能与方言形式有关;姓氏 sham 则可能来自阿拉伯语中表示“叙利亚”的词,或是法语姓氏的变体。
Probably a dialectal form of shame.
Alternatively, sham is a term that is used to describe the bottom thick base of a glass, usually a wine or stem glass, where the stem meets the bulbous shape bowl. Glass manufacturers would increase the "sham" to deceive customers into thinking a glass holds more than it actually does. For example, a manufacturer would mold a 12oz glass with a larger "sham" in the base to reduce the volume of the glasses to fit 10-11oz of liquid. By increasing the bulge in the base, usually where the stem meets the glass, it is almost impossible to visually distinguish the difference. This gives the illusion the glass size is the same as any another 12oz glass, but the inside will hold a lesser volume. Later, bringing use to the term "you got shammed" when one party tries to hide something and/or get over on the other party using deceiving tactics.
🔄 变式
more sham
compar
most sham
superl
shammed
past
shamming
present
Shams
plural
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