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sacrifice
★★★
🇺🇸 /sˈækɹʌfˌaɪs/
🇬🇧 /-faɪz/
sacrifice 的核心是“为了更重要的对象或目的而献出、放弃某物或某人”,既可指宗教祭献,也常指现实中的牺牲;在棋类、棒球等语境中还表示用自己的损失换取更大收益。
💡 记忆钩子
想象把一样珍贵的东西放到祭坛上:最初是把人、动物或物品献给神,后来扩大为献上祈祷、耶稣的自我献祭;再进一步,就是为了更重要的目标放弃时间、利益或棋子,甚至在棒球中牺牲自己出局来让队友前进。
📝 学习建议
- 先掌握“牺牲、放弃某物以换取更重要结果”这一核心,再学习宗教和体育中的专门用法。
- 不要只把 sacrifice 理解成“死亡”或“祭祀”;日常英语中常指牺牲时间、利益、机会等,也可以指被放弃的对象。
📖 中文释义
noun
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common 献祭行为📖 指把人、动物或物品献给神或神灵的仪式,历史上有时包括杀死或焚烧献品。💡 常见搭配是“a sacrifice to + 神灵”或“make a sacrifice”。这个意义带有明显宗教或历史色彩,不要在普通的“让步”语境中使用它来表示一般牺牲。countable uncountableThe villagers made a sacrifice to the river god.村民向河神举行了献祭。
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common 祭品📖 指被献给神的那个人、动物、物品或抽象事物,也就是祭献行为中“献上去的东西”。💡 常用“offer something as a sacrifice”表示“把某物作为祭品献上”。这里强调的是被献出的对象,不是献祭这个动作本身。countable uncountableThe goat was chosen as the sacrifice.这只山羊被选作祭品。
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common 虔敬的献上📖 指向神献上敬意、忏悔、祈祷或感谢;它不一定涉及实物或死亡,而是把自己的敬意交托出去。💡 常见结构是“a sacrifice of + 祈祷、赞美或感谢”。这一用法较正式、宗教色彩较浓,不能简单替换日常的“努力”或“礼物”。countable figuratively uncountableThey offered a sacrifice of thanksgiving after the harvest.收获之后,他们献上了感恩的祭礼。
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common 基督的自我献祭📖 在基督教中,特指耶稣自愿把自己献给上帝并被钉十字架,以救赎人类的罪。💡 通常说“the sacrifice of Christ”或“Christ’s sacrifice”。这是特定基督教教义用法,谈一般的个人牺牲时不应默认读成这个意义。countable specifically uncountableThe sermon focused on Christ's sacrifice for humanity.这篇布道重点讲述了基督为人类所作的牺牲。
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common 弥撒或圣餐礼📖 在基督教语境中,指把圣餐礼或弥撒看作对基督献祭的纪念、重现或感恩奉献。💡 常见搭配是“the sacrifice of the Mass”。它是教会礼仪术语,通常需要明确的基督教上下文;不要把普通的 communion 一律翻成 sacrifice。broadly countable specifically uncountableThe church holds the sacrifice of the Mass every morning.这座教堂每天早晨举行弥撒圣祭。
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core 为更大目标作出牺牲📖 指为了更紧迫或更有价值的事情而毁掉、放弃某物,也可直接指被放弃的时间、机会或利益。这是现代日常语境中最重要的抽象意义。💡 常用“make a sacrifice”“the sacrifice of + 名词”以及“at the sacrifice of + 名词”。它不一定表示彻底失去,也不一定涉及死亡;中文学习者容易把它误解成只有“牺牲生命”。countable figuratively uncountableSuccess often requires the sacrifice of free time.成功往往需要牺牲空闲时间。She made many sacrifices to support her family.她为了养家作出了许多牺牲。
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common 棒球中的牺牲打📖 棒球中 sacrifice bunt 或 sacrifice hit 的省略说法,指击球员故意用柔和的击球让自己出局,却帮助垒上的队友前进。💡 通常出现在棒球报道中,常说“hit a sacrifice”或“a sacrifice fly/bunt”。它是专门术语,不能泛指任何体育比赛中的牺牲行为。abbreviation alt-of countable ellipsis figuratively uncountableHe hit a sacrifice to move the runner to third.他打出牺牲打,把跑垒员送到了三垒。
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rare 桥牌中的牺牲叫牌📖 桥牌中指明知合约很可能无法完成,仍用叫牌来争取让对手获得更少的优势。💡 完整说法是“sacrifice bid”,常与 bridge 一起出现。这个意义局限于桥牌,普通语境中的 sacrifice 不会自动表示叫牌。countable figuratively uncountable
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rare 低价出售造成的损失📖 指把东西以低于其价值的价格卖出所承受的金钱损失,也可指这样低价卖出的物品;这是较旧且受限的商业用法。💡 常见于“sell at a sacrifice”或“go at a sacrifice”。现代英语中通常用 sell at a loss,更自然地表达这种意思。countable dated figuratively slang uncountable
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common 棋类中的弃子📖 指故意让对手吃掉自己的棋子,以换取更好的位置、主动权或后续机会;本质上是用眼前损失换取更大收益。💡 常见搭配是“make a sacrifice”或“a sacrifice of a piece”。多用于棋类分析,尤其是国际象棋;不要把所有被吃掉的棋子都称为 sacrifice,必须是有意的策略交换。countable figuratively uncountableThe player made a sacrifice to open the king's position.这名棋手弃掉一子,以打开对方王的位置。
sacrifices
plural
verb
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common 献祭📖 指把人、动物或物品献给神或神灵,强调把某物交付为祭品的动作。💡 常用“sacrifice something to + 神灵”或“sacrifice an animal”。这个及物结构后面通常直接接被献出的对象,不能漏掉宾语而仍想表达具体献祭内容。transitiveThe priest sacrificed a bull to the god.祭司把一头公牛献给了那位神。
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common 杀死或毁掉📖 指为了某种目的而毁掉或杀死一个人或动物;在科学语境中,特指为实验或检测而处死动物。💡 常用“sacrifice an animal for an experiment”或“sacrifice someone’s life”。这里常带有目的性或必要性的意味,不是普通的 kill 的完全中性替代词。broadly figuratively transitiveThe researchers sacrificed several mice for the test.研究人员为了这项测试处死了几只老鼠。
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core 牺牲或放弃📖 指为了更重要、更紧迫的事情而放弃或毁掉某物,包括时间、金钱、机会、利益,甚至生命;这是动词最常见的抽象用法。💡 常见结构是“sacrifice A for B”或“sacrifice A to do B”。宾语通常是被主动放弃的东西;中文学习者容易只说 sacrifice 而不说明为谁或为什么牺牲。broadly figuratively transitiveShe sacrificed her career to care for her father.她为了照顾父亲放弃了自己的事业。We cannot sacrifice safety for speed.我们不能为了速度而牺牲安全。
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common 棒球牺牲打📖 棒球中指击球员把球打到容易被接住的位置,让自己出局,却使一个或多个跑垒员前进。💡 常见结构是“sacrifice a runner”或报道中的“sacrifice to advance a runner”。这是棒球专门用法,宾语有时指被推进的跑垒员,而不是被牺牲的击球员。broadly figuratively transitiveHe sacrificed the runner to second base.他用牺牲打把跑垒员送到了二垒。
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rare 低价出售📖 指以低于价值的价格出售某物,从而承受金钱损失。💡 常见于“sacrifice something at a low price”或“sacrifice something at a loss”。这是过时或受限的商业用法,现代日常英语更常说 sell at a loss。broadly dated figuratively slang transitive
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common 弃子📖 棋类中指故意让对手吃掉自己的棋子,以改善局面或取得战略优势。💡 常用“sacrifice a piece for an attack”或“sacrifice the queen”。必须有明确的战略目的;如果棋子只是无意中丢掉,通常不使用这个词。broadly figuratively transitiveShe sacrificed her bishop for a winning attack.她弃掉了象,以发动一轮能取胜的进攻。
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common 献祭📖 不及物使用时,指进行向神献祭的行为,重点在献祭者的行动,而不是具体献上的东西。💡 常见结构是“sacrifice to + 神灵”,也可以单独说 sacrifice。这个不及物用法主要见于宗教、历史或文学语境,现代日常对话中并不常见。intransitiveThe ancient people sacrificed to their gods.古人向他们的众神献祭。
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common 打牺牲球📖 棒球中指把球打到会被守备接住的位置,使自己出局却让跑垒员前进。💡 通常在棒球报道中单独使用,或说“sacrifice to advance a runner”。它描述的是击球动作及其战术结果,不是一般意义上的“牺牲自己”。broadly figuratively intransitiveThe batter sacrificed, and the runner reached second.击球员打出牺牲球,跑垒员到达了二垒。
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rare 桥牌牺牲叫牌📖 桥牌中指明知合约很可能做不成,仍作出这样的叫牌,以减少对手赢得该合约时可能获得的优势。💡 常见于“sacrifice in bridge”或“sacrifice bid”。这是桥牌术语,不能在普通谈判中直接用来表示让步。broadly figuratively intransitive
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rare 举行弥撒或圣餐礼📖 基督教语境中指举行圣餐礼或弥撒,把礼仪看作对基督献祭的纪念或参与。💡 通常说“sacrifice Mass”或在宗教文本中单独使用 sacrifice。该用法正式且教派色彩明显,现代一般英语中很少这样使用。broadly figuratively intransitive
sacrifices
present,singular,third-person
sacrificing
participle,present
sacrificed
participle,past
sacrificed
past
sacrifice
first-person,present,singular
sacrificed
first-person,past,singular
sacrifice
present,second-person,singular
sacrificest
archaic,present,second-person,singular
sacrificed
past,second-person,singular
sacrificedst
archaic,past,second-person,singular
sacrificeth
archaic,present,singular,third-person
sacrificed
past,singular,third-person
sacrifice
plural,present
sacrificed
past,plural
sacrifice
present,subjunctive
sacrificed
past,subjunctive
sacrifice
imperative,present
-
imperative,past
📘 英文释义 (WordNet)
共 9 组
(baseball) an out that advances the base runners
同义词集:
sacrifice
the act of losing or surrendering something as a penalty for a mistake or fault or failure to perform etc.
同义词集:
forfeit
forfeiture
sacrifice
上位: act, deed, human action, human activity
the act of killing (an animal or person) in order to propitiate a deity
同义词集:
sacrifice
ritual killing
上位: kill, killing, putting to death
kill or destroy;
同义词集:
sacrifice
The animals were sacrificed after the experiment
The general had to sacrifice several soldiers to save the regiment
上位: kill
make a sacrifice of; in religious rituals
同义词集:
sacrifice
上位: offer, offer up
endure the loss of;
同义词集:
sacrifice
give
He gave his life for his children
I gave two sons to the war
上位: free, give up, release, relinquish, resign
sell at a loss
同义词集:
sacrifice
上位: sell
personnel that are sacrificed (e.g., surrendered or lost in order to gain an objective)
同义词集:
sacrifice
上位: loss, personnel casualty
a loss entailed by giving up or selling something at less than its value
同义词集:
sacrifice
he had to sell his car at a considerable sacrifice
上位: loss
🌳 词源
源自拉丁语 sacrificium,字面上与“使某物成为神圣之物”有关,后来经古法语和中古英语进入英语。
Proto-Indo-European *seh₂k-
Proto-Indo-European *-rós
Proto-Indo-European *sh₂krós
Proto-Italic *sakros
Old Latin sacros
Latin sacerder.
Latin sacrum
Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁-
Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁k-
Proto-Indo-European *-yéti
Proto-Indo-European *dʰh₁kyéti
Proto-Italic *θakjō
Proto-Italic *fakjō
Latin faciō
Proto-Indo-European *-(i)yós
Proto-Italic *-ijos
Proto-Italic *-ios
Old Latin -ios
Latin -iusnom.
Latin -ium
Latin sacrificiumlbor.
Old French sacrifisebor.
Middle English sacrifice
English sacrifice
From Middle English sacrifice (“act of offering a life or object to a deity; the life or object so offered”), from Anglo-Norman sacrefiz, and Old French sacrifice, sacrifise (modern French sacrifice), from Latin sacrificium (“something offered to a deity, sacrifice”), from sacrum (“sacrifice, sacrificial rite”) + faciō (“to do, to make”) + -ium (suffix forming abstract nouns). The noun sacrum is the nominalized neuter of the adjective sacer (“devoted to a deity for sacrifice; holy, sacred”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *seh₂k- (“ceremony, ritual; to make sacred”), and the verb faciō is ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁- (“to do; to place, put”). Related Latin formations include sacrificus (“of or pertaining to sacrifice, sacrificial”) and sacrificō (“to make a sacrifice”). Displaced native Old English blōt and hūsl.
Cognates
* Italian sagrifizio
* Occitan sacrifici
* Portuguese sacrificio
* Spanish sacrificio
🔄 变式
-
imperat
sacrificed
1st_sg
sacrificedst
archaic
sacrifices
plural
sacrificest
archaic
sacrificeth
archaic
sacrificing
present
🏷 单词标签 & 词根