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refer
★★★★
🇺🇸 /ɹʌfˈɚ/
🇬🇧 /ˈɹiːfə/
refer 的核心意思是“把注意力或信息引向某处”:可以指引某人去找帮助,也可以提到某事、指某事所代表的对象;在正式语境中还可表示把问题交给他人处理。
💡 记忆钩子
把 refer 想成一根“指路箭头”:箭头可以把人指向服务台(指引某人),把读者的注意力指向书中的例子(提到、查阅),也可以让一个词或名称指向它所代表的对象(指代、表示)。如果箭头把问题交给校长,就是“提交处理”;如果箭头指向某个原因,就是“归因于”。
📝 学习建议
- 先掌握 refer to 表示“提到、涉及、指的是”,再掌握 refer someone to 表示“把某人指引到……”,两者结构和意思不要混淆。
- 不要把 refer 只记成“提到”;在说明名称所代表的对象、把人转交给某处或把问题提交审议时也很常用。
📖 中文释义
noun
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rare 报纸导读📖 新闻版面上的一种短导读,用标题或页码把读者引向报纸内部的完整报道。
refers
plural
verb
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core 指引某人去找📖 把某人的注意力或行动引向一个地点、部门或能提供帮助的人,相当于告诉他下一步该去哪里。💡 常用结构是 refer someone to a place/person,表示把某人指引到某处或交给某人帮助。宾语通常是被指引的人,后面再接去向;不要只说 refer to someone 来表达“指引某人”,因为那通常是“提到某人”。这个用法常见于服务、医疗和行政场景,语气比直接说 go to 更正式。transitiveThe receptionist referred me to the customer service desk.接待员把我指引到了客户服务台。
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common 提交处理📖 把一个问题、案件或决定交给更有权力或更合适的个人、委员会或机构审议处理。💡 常用结构是 refer a matter/case/question to someone,表示把事情提交给某人或某机构。这里的 to 后面是处理者或审议机构,不是地点;主语通常是作出转交决定的人。这个用法多见于正式、公务和法律语境。transitiveThe committee referred the complaint to the school principal.委员会把这项投诉提交给了校长处理。
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rare 归因于📖 通过分析把某种现象或结果解释为由某个原因造成,像是把它指向一个解释来源。transitive
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core 提到并引向📖 说话或写作时把听者、读者的注意力引向某个例子、事实或资料,也就是提到它并让对方去看它。💡 常用结构是 refer to an example/source/page,表示在说明问题时提到或查阅某项资料。refer to 后面直接接被提到的内容,不能在这里按“指引某人”的结构加一个人作宾语。这个用法适合课堂、说明文和较正式的讨论,也可用于日常解释。intransitiveFor the answer, refer to the example on the next page.要找答案,请参看下一页的例子。
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core 涉及、指的是📖 某句话、文章、物品或行为把内容指向某个对象,意思是“关于它”或“说的就是它”。💡 常用结构是 something refers to someone/something,表示某内容涉及或指的是某对象。这里主语通常是词语、句子、文章、规定或符号,而不是主动去“提到”的人;不要把它和 refer someone to 混用。它可用于日常对话,也常见于解释文本含义的正式表达。intransitive stativeThe word “they” refers to the students in this sentence.这个句子中的“they”指的是那些学生。
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rare 语法上的指代📖 在语言学中,一个词或成分通过指代关系把意义连到句中的另一个成分。
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common 指向内存或对象📖 在计算机语境中,指针或其他引用指向某个内存位置或具体对象;仍然是“箭头指向目标”的意思。💡 常用结构是 a pointer/reference refers to an object or memory location,主语通常是指针、引用或变量。这个技术用法不表示“提到”,而表示程序可以通过它找到目标对象。只在编程和相关技术说明中使用,普通对话里不要用它替代 point to。intransitiveThis pointer refers to the first item in the list.这个指针指向列表中的第一项。
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rare 被安排补考📖 在某些教育制度中,学生因考试成绩不合格而被安排重新参加考试。transitive
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common 表示、指代📖 一个名称、词语或称呼所代表的实际对象,也就是它的意思指向谁或什么。💡 常用结构是 a name/word refers to something,表示某个名称或词语所指的对象。它强调词语和对象之间的对应关系,不只是说话人临时提到了对象。这个用法适合解释词义、名称和符号,语气通常较中性或正式。intransitiveIn this story, the “old house” refers to the building by the river.在这个故事里,“老房子”指的是河边的那栋建筑。
refers
present,singular,third-person
referring
participle,present
referred
participle,past
referred
past
📘 英文释义 (WordNet)
共 7 组
think of, regard, or classify under a subsuming principle or with a general group or in relation to another
同义词集:
refer
This plant can be referred to a known species
上位: assort, class, classify, separate, sort, sort out
seek information from;
同义词集:
consult
refer
look up
You should consult the dictionary
refer to your notes
上位: research
have as a meaning
同义词集:
denote
refer
`multi-' denotes `many'
上位: intend, mean, signify, stand for
下位: apply, come back, convolute, express, hark back, identify, name, pervert, recall, return, slur, sophisticate, state, twist, twist around
make reference to
同义词集:
mention
advert
bring up
cite
name
refer
His name was mentioned in connection with the invention
上位: have in mind, mean, think of
下位: appeal, bring up, cite, commend, cross-refer, invoke, quote, raise, remember
use a name to designate
同义词集:
refer
Christians refer to the mother of Jesus as the Virgin Mary
上位: be known as, call, know as, name
send or direct for treatment, information, or a decision;
同义词集:
refer
refer a patient to a specialist
refer a bill to a committee
上位: direct, send
下位: submit
be relevant to;
同义词集:
refer
pertain
relate
concern
come to
bear on
touch
touch on
have to do with
There were lots of questions referring to her talk
My remark pertained to your earlier comments
下位: affect, apply, center, center on, concentrate on, focus on, go for, hold, interest, involve, matter to, regard, revolve about, revolve around
🌳 词源
来自中古英语和古法语,最终源自拉丁语,名词义由动词义发展而来。
From Middle English referren, from Old French referer, from Latin referre. The noun (used in journalism) is from the verb. Doublet of relate. See also infer, collate and confer, delate and defer, as well as prelate and prefer among others.
🔄 变式
referred
past
referring
present
refers
plural
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