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need
★★★★★
🇺🇸 /nˈid/
🇬🇧 /niːd/
need既可以作名词表示“需要、必要的东西”或“贫困”,也可以作动词表示“需要、必须”。它的核心感觉是:某件事或某样东西不可缺少,因此推动人采取行动。
💡 记忆钩子
把need想成“缺了一块就无法继续前进”的东西:缺水时,你需要水;有必要做某事时,你必须做;如果生活资料都缺少,便会陷入贫困。名词说的是“缺少或不可缺少的东西”,动词说的是“感到这种缺少并采取行动”,而need not则表示“并不缺这个必要性”,即“不必”。
📝 学习建议
- 建议先掌握“需要某物”和“需要做某事”这两个普通用法,再学习表示“不必”的情态用法need not。
- 不要把need只理解成“想要”;它通常带有实际必要性或强烈需求,语气比一般的愿望更强。
📖 中文释义
noun
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core 需要;必要性📖 need指某件事或某样东西不可缺少的情况,也可以指因此产生的具体需求。它既能表示客观上的必要,也能表示人意识到自己缺少某物。💡 常用结构是“a need for某物”“the need to do某事”和“there is no need to do某事”。表示抽象的“需要、必要性”时通常不加冠词;指一项具体需求时可以说“a need”。不要把“no need”误解成“没有需求”,在日常表达中它常表示“不必”。countable uncountableThere's no need to hurry; we still have plenty of time.没必要着急,我们还有很多时间。The project has an urgent need for more staff.这个项目急需更多工作人员。
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common 贫困;匮乏📖 need也可以表示缺少基本生活资料、生活困苦的状态。这里不是普通的“有一个需要”,而是“缺乏到难以维持生活”。💡 常见于“in need”“live in need”等结构,语气通常比日常的“缺钱”更正式,也常用于描述需要帮助的人。不要在所有表示“需要”的场合都把need理解成贫困,通常要结合in need等结构判断。countable uncountableThe charity provides food and clothing for families in need.这家慈善机构为贫困家庭提供食物和衣物。
needs
plural
verb
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core 需要📖 need表示某人或某物要正常存在、运作或完成任务,必须有某样东西。它强调不可缺少,而不只是一般意义上的想要。💡 常用结构是“need某物”“need to do某事”,也可说“某物 needs doing”,表示某物需要被处理。普通动词的疑问句和否定句通常说“do you need...?”和“do not need...”,不要在这些句子里随意使用情态动词句型。transitivePlants need sunlight and water to grow.植物生长需要阳光和水。We need to check the address before we leave.我们出发前需要核对地址。
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common 很想要;迫切需要📖 need还可以表示因为身体或心理上的强烈需求而想得到某物。它常用于人在疲惫、不舒服或缺少某物时的直接感受。💡 常用结构是“need某物”,也可以用“need to do某事”说明想采取的行动。这个用法比普通的“want”更强调迫切性或实际原因,但不一定表示绝对不可缺少;谈感受时可以用于口语。transitiveAfter the long journey, I really need a hot shower.长途旅行后,我真的很想洗个热水澡。
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core 必须;不必📖 作为情态动词,need表示做某事是否有必要,尤其常用于否定式need not,意思是“不必做某事”。它把重点放在行动的必要性上,而不是某个人的具体需求上。💡 最常见结构是“need not do某事”,疑问句也可说“need someone do某事”。情态用法后接动词原形,不加to,也不使用do来构成否定;日常英语中肯定句通常更常用普通动词结构。modalYou need not bring anything; dinner is already prepared.你不必带任何东西,晚饭已经准备好了。
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rare 有必要📖 need也可不带宾语,表示某件事本身是必要的。这种用法现在主要保留在固定表达中,仍然可以看出“不可缺少”的核心意思。💡 最常见的结构是“if need be”,意思是“如果有必要的话”。这种不及物用法较正式或固定化,普通表达通常改用“be needed”或“be necessary”,不要把它当作最常用的动词句型。intransitiveIf need be, we can stay here another night.如果有必要,我们可以在这里再住一晚。
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rare 对某人来说是必要的📖 这是过时的及物用法,表示某事物对某人来说不可缺少,仍然来自“有必要”的核心概念。💡 这种用法带有明显的古旧色彩,现代英语中通常改说“someone needs something”或“something is necessary for someone”。学习时只需能在旧文学或历史文本中识别,不必主动使用。obsolete transitive
needs
present,singular,third-person
needing
participle,present
needed
participle,past
needed
past
need
first-person,present,singular
needed
first-person,past,singular
need
present,second-person,singular
needest
archaic,present,second-person,singular
needed
past,second-person,singular
neededst
archaic,past,second-person,singular
needeth
archaic,present,singular,third-person
needed
past,singular,third-person
need
plural,present
needed
past,plural
need
present,subjunctive
needed
past,subjunctive
need
imperative,present
-
imperative,past
📘 英文释义 (WordNet)
共 7 组
the psychological feature that arouses an organism to action toward a desired goal; the reason for the action; that which gives purpose and direction to behavior;
同义词集:
motivation
motive
need
we did not understand his motivation
he acted with the best of motives
下位: ethical motive, ethics, impulse, life, morality, morals, urge
have need of
同义词集:
want
need
require
This piano wants the attention of a competent tuner
上位: be
下位: cry
have or feel a need for
同义词集:
need
always needing friends and money
require as useful, just, or proper; ; ; ; ;
同义词集:
necessitate
ask
postulate
need
require
take
involve
call for
demand
It takes nerve to do what she did
success usually requires hard work
This job asks a lot of patience and skill
This position demands a lot of personal sacrifice
This dinner calls for a spectacular dessert
This intervention does not postulate a patient's consent
反义: eliminate, obviate, rid of
下位: claim, compel, cost, draw, exact, govern, take
anything that is necessary but lacking;
同义词集:
need
want
he had sufficient means to meet his simple needs
I tried to supply his wants
上位: essential, necessary, necessity, requirement, requisite
a condition requiring relief; ;
同义词集:
need
demand
she satisfied his need for affection
God has no need of men to accomplish His work
there is a demand for jobs
上位: condition, status
下位: deficiency, lack, necessity, want
a state of extreme poverty or destitution;
同义词集:
indigence
need
penury
pauperism
pauperization
their indigence appalled him
a general state of need exists among the homeless
上位: impoverishment, poorness, poverty
🌳 词源
名词need源自中古英语中表示“必要、匮乏”和表示“愿望、渴求”的两个词的合并;动词来自古英语中表示“有必要”的词。
From Middle English need, nede, a merger of two terms:
* Old English nīed (West Saxon), nēd (Mercian), nēad (“necessity, compulsion, want”), from Proto-West Germanic *naudi, from Proto-Germanic *naudiz, from Proto-Indo-European *neh₂w- (“death”).
* Old English nēod (“desire, longing”), from Proto-West Germanic *niudi (“desire, eagerness”), from Proto-Indo-European *new- (“to incline, tend, move, push, nod, wave”).
🔄 变式
-
imperat
needed
1st_sg
neededst
archaic
needest
archaic
needeth
archaic
needing
present
needs
plural
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