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mercury
★
🇺🇸 /mˈɚkjɚi/
🇬🇧 /ˈmɜːkjʊɹi/
mercury主要指水星或金属汞,也可指罗马神话中的墨丘利;在较旧或专业的语境中还有其他少见义项。
💡 记忆钩子
把mercury想成一个“快速移动的银色使者”:它首先是离太阳最近、运行很快的水星,也因此得名于以速度和传信著称的罗马神祇墨丘利;后来这个名字又成为液态银色金属汞的名称,其他义项则从金属、水银仪器或“善变活泼”的联想发展出来。
📝 学习建议
- 初学时先掌握“水星”和“汞”这两个核心义项,并注意首字母大写的Mercury通常指水星或墨丘利,普通名词mercury通常指汞。
- 不要把mercury直接理解成泛指的“银色金属”;它特指元素汞,日常英语中也常用quicksilver表示水银。
📖 中文释义
name
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core 水星📖 水星是离太阳最近的行星,因运行轨道很近而与“快速移动”的核心形象相连。💡 常用“Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun”或“on Mercury”这样的结构。作为行星名称必须大写,不能像普通名词一样随意加复数;不要把它和金星混淆。Mercury is the smallest planet in the Solar System.水星是太阳系中最小的行星。A spacecraft flew past Mercury last year.一艘航天器去年飞越了水星附近。
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common 墨丘利📖 墨丘利是罗马神话中与速度、旅行和传信有关的神,通常被视为希腊神话赫尔墨斯的罗马对应者。💡 常见于“the god Mercury”或“Mercury, the messenger of the gods”这样的结构。神话语境中首字母大写;不要只根据“使者”一词把他等同于普通信使。RomanMercury was known as the swift messenger of the Roman gods.墨丘利被认为是罗马诸神中行动迅速的使者。
noun
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core 汞;水银📖 汞是一种银白色、有毒的金属,在室温下呈液态;它就是“液态银色使者”这一核心形象中的金属部分。💡 常用“mercury is...”或“a thermometer containing mercury”这样的结构,通常作不可数名词。不要把mercury当作普通的银;涉及接触或使用时,语境往往带有科学或安全警示意味。countable literally uncountableOld thermometers often contained mercury.旧式温度计常常含有水银。Mercury is toxic and must be handled carefully.汞有毒,必须小心处理。
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rare 炼金术中的金属原质📖 在历史上的炼金术思想中,mercury曾被认为是构成各种金属的基本原质之一。💡 只在炼金术史或旧科学文献中使用,常见于“the principle of mercury”一类结构。现代化学语境中不要用它表示普通的化学元素汞。countable historical literally uncountable
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common 气温或气压读数📖 由于旧式温度计和气压计使用水银柱,mercury有时可借水银读数指当时的气温或气压。💡 常见结构是“the mercury rises/falls”或“the mercury reached...”并通常带定冠词the。这个用法多见于天气报道、文学或较传统的表达,不要把它误解成液态金属本身正在变化。countable literally uncountable with-definite-articleThe mercury rose above 35 degrees this afternoon.今天下午气温升到了35度以上。
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rare 活泼善变📖 旧式英语中,mercury可借水银流动不定的形象表示一个人精力旺盛、性情多变或难以安定。💡 这是过时或文学性的用法,常见于“full of mercury”一类结构。现代日常英语中不要用它直接表示“活泼”,应改用lively或energetic等词。countable literally obsolete uncountable
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rare 某些植物的名称📖 在植物学或地方用语中,mercury也可作为几种植物的名称,但具体所指因植物种类和地区而不同。💡 通常需要结合植物学上下文或具体名称使用,不能仅凭mercury判断是哪一种植物。日常英语中这个义项很少见。countable uncountable
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rare 美国地区的植物名📖 在美国某些地区,mercury可指若干植物中的一种,是地方性的植物名称。💡 这是美国地区性用法,通常出现在植物学、园艺或地方文本中。不要把它当作美国英语中普遍使用的普通词义。US countable regional uncountable
mercuries
plural
noun
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rare 水银;汞(旧称)📖 这是过去把金属汞称作Mercury的旧式用法,名称来自水星和墨丘利。💡 主要见于炼金术、旧化学或历史文本,现代化学写作通常使用小写的mercury。阅读旧文献时要结合上下文,不要把大写形式自动理解成水星。obsolete
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rare 传信者📖 这个古雅义项把传递消息的人比作墨丘利,因此可指信使或消息的传递者。💡 常见于古典文学或仿古文体,通常出现在“a mercury”一类名词结构中。现代英语中应使用messenger或courier,不要把它当作普通的“消息”。archaic
Mercuries
plural
📘 英文释义 (WordNet)
共 4 组
temperature measured by a mercury thermometer
同义词集:
mercury
the mercury was falling rapidly
上位: temperature
the smallest planet and the nearest to the sun
同义词集:
mercury
(Roman mythology) messenger of Jupiter and god of commerce; counterpart of Greek Hermes
同义词集:
mercury
a heavy silvery toxic univalent and bivalent metallic element; the only metal that is liquid at ordinary temperatures
同义词集:
mercury
quicksilver
hydrargyrum
hg
atomic number 80
上位: metal, metallic element
🌳 词源
来自拉丁语Mercurius,经中古英语传入;金属义与水星及罗马神祇墨丘利的名称有关。化学符号Hg来自希腊语“液态银”。
Latin Mercurius
Latin mercuriusder.
Middle English mercurie
English mercury
The noun is derived from Middle English mercurie (“metallic chemical element, quicksilver; a plant, probably goosefoot (genus Chenopodium); (possibly) dog’s mercury (Mercurialis perennis); etc.”), borrowed from Late Latin mercurius (“metallic chemical element, quicksilver”), Latin Mercurius (“Mercury, the Roman god of commerce, communication, etc.; the planet Mercury; etc.”), possibly from merc-, a stem of merx (“goods, wares; merchandise”); further etymology uncertain, possibly:
* from Etruscan; or
* from Proto-Indo-European *merǵ- (“to divide”), or *merkʷ- (“to grasp; to take”).
The suffix -urius is also thought to be from Etruscan.
Noun sense 1 (“metallic chemical element”) is from the association in medieval alchemy of the seven known metals—gold, silver, quicksilver, copper, iron, tin, and lead—with the Sun, the Moon, and the planets Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. An analogy was probably also drawn between the element being liquid at room temperature, and the Roman god Mercury’s attribute of swiftness.
Noun sense 2 (“senses relating to plants”) is derived from mercurial (“(obsolete) any of the plants now known as mercury”, noun), from Middle English mercurial (“a plant, probably goosefoot (genus Chenopodium); (possibly) dog’s mercury (Mercurialis perennis)”, noun) from Anglo-Norman mercurial, Old French mercurial, or directly from their etymon Latin mercuriālis (“a plant, probably annual mercury (Mercurialis annua)”), short for herba mercuriālis (“(probably) annual mercury”, literally “herb or plant of the god Mercury”). Mercuriālis (“pertaining to the Roman god Mercury”, adjective) is derived from Mercurius (“the Roman god Mercury”) (see above) + -ālis (suffix forming adjectives of relationship from nouns).
Noun sense 2.2.2.1 (“Blitum bonus-henricus”) is from the fact that this plant was often confused with annual mercury (noun sense 2.1).
The verb is derived from the noun.
🔄 变式
Mercuries
plural
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