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harsh
★★
🇺🇸 /hˈɑɹʃ/
🇬🇧 /ˈhɑːʃ/
harsh 主要表示“让人感到粗糙、不舒服或难以忍受的”,可形容触感、声音、环境、批评、待遇和决定;作动词时是俚语,表示扫兴或尖刻地批评。它还可用作姓氏。
💡 记忆钩子
把 harsh 想成一块粗糙的表面:手摸上去不舒服,刺耳的声音让耳朵不舒服,严厉的言语、待遇或决定则让人心里不舒服。动词形式 harshing 就像把原本的好心情也磨粗、磨坏;作为姓氏时则是另一个专名用法。
📝 学习建议
- 学习时先掌握“粗糙或令人不适”这一具体核心,再扩展到“严厉、苛刻”;不要只把它记成“严厉”。
- 看到 harsh 作动词时,不要按普通动词直译为“变得粗糙”,它主要出现在俚语表达中。
📖 中文释义
adj
-
core 粗糙或令人不适📖 指触感或其他感官体验不舒服,像粗糙的表面一样让人难受;也可以形容刺耳的声音、刺眼的光线或恶劣的环境。💡 常用搭配是 “harsh + 光线、声音、天气或环境名词”,例如 “harsh sunlight” 和 “harsh noise”。它可以描述真实的感官刺激,也可以描述生活条件带来的不适。不要只把它理解成手感粗糙,因为它常用于声音、光线和环境。The harsh sunlight made it difficult to see the road.刺眼的阳光让人很难看清道路。
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core 严厉而苛刻📖 形容批评、待遇、惩罚或决定过于严厉,给人不公平、残酷或难以接受的感觉;它是从“让人不舒服”扩展到心理和社会层面的用法。💡 常见结构包括 “be harsh on someone”、 “harsh criticism” 和 “a harsh decision”。用于评价规则或处理方式时,通常带有说话人的不满;如果只是想表达要求严格而不带负面评价,使用表示严格的词会更稳妥。The judge was criticized for making such a harsh decision.那名法官因作出如此严厉的决定而受到批评。
harsher
comparative
more harsh
comparative
harshest
superlative
most harsh
superlative
name
-
rare 姓氏📖 这是一个英语姓氏,表示人的家族名称,与形容词 harsh 的普通词义无关。💡 通常使用大写形式并与名字一起出现,例如 “Alex Harsh”。看到它位于人名末尾时,应把它当作姓氏保留,而不是当作形容词来分析。
Harshes
plural
verb
-
common 尖刻地批评📖 在俚语中指对某人说话或评价得太尖刻,像用粗糙的东西磨人一样让对方难受。💡 常见句型是 “stop harshing me” 或 “don’t harsh on someone”。它通常用于朋友间半认真、半抱怨的对话,语气比普通的“批评”更口语化。正式场合不要使用这个动词来表达正式批评。ambitransitive slangStop harshing me—I already admitted that I was wrong.别再尖刻地说我了——我已经承认自己错了。
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common 扫兴📖 在俚语中指破坏某人的兴致或当下的好心情,让原本愉快的气氛变差。💡 常见结构是 “harsh someone’s buzz”,其中 “buzz” 指兴致或愉快的感觉。这个用法很口语,常带玩笑或抱怨语气;不要把它理解为字面上的物理损坏。ambitransitive slangDon’t harsh our buzz by talking about work tonight.今晚别提工作,别破坏我们的兴致。
harshes
present,singular,third-person
harshing
participle,present
harshed
participle,past
harshed
past
📘 英文释义 (WordNet)
共 6 组
sharply disagreeable; rigorous;
同义词集:
harsh
abrasive
the harsh facts of court delays
an abrasive character
severe
同义词集:
harsh
a harsh penalty
近似: heavy
unkind or cruel or uncivil; ;
同义词集:
harsh
rough
had harsh words
a harsh and unlovable old tyrant
a rough answer
近似: unkind
unpleasantly stern;
同义词集:
harsh
rough
wild and harsh country full of hot sand and cactus
the nomad life is rough and hazardous
近似: unpleasant
unpleasantly rough or jarring to the senses; ; ;
同义词集:
harsh
the harsh cry of a blue jay
harsh cognac
the harsh white light makes you screw up your eyes
harsh irritating smoke filled the hallway
近似: unpleasant
of textures that are rough to the touch or substances consisting of relatively large particles; ;
同义词集:
coarse
harsh
coarse meal
coarse sand
a coarse weave
反义: fine
近似: coarse-grained, farinaceous, grainy, granular, granulose, gritty, large-grained, loose, mealy, open
参见: rough, unsmooth
🌳 词源
形容词和动词源自中古英语,词源可能与古诺尔斯语及中古低地德语中表示粗糙、毛发的词有关;姓氏义来自德语姓氏 Harsch 的英语化形式。
From Middle English harsk, harisk(e), hask(e), herris. Century derived the term from Old Norse harskr (whence Danish harsk (“rancid”), dialectal Norwegian hersk, Swedish härsk, Swedish härsken); the Middle English Dictionary derives it from that and Middle Low German harsch (“rough”, literally “hairy”) (whence also German harsch), from haer (“hair”), from Old Saxon hār, from Proto-West Germanic *hār; the Oxford Dictionary of English derives it from Middle Low German alone.
🔄 变式
harshed
past
harsher
compar
Harshes
plural
harshest
superl
harshing
present
more harsh
compar
most harsh
superl
🏷 单词标签 & 词根