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excuse

★★★
🇺🇸 /ɪkskjˈus/
noun 编号: E01763 牛津3000 BNC #3182 COCA #3484
既可以指为过错辩解的“借口、理由”,也可以指原谅、准许免除或为某事开脱;还可形容某物只是勉强算得上某种东西。
💡 记忆钩子
核心画面是“把责任从身上推开”:说出一个 excuse,是用理由减轻责备;替别人 excuse,是替他开脱、原谅他,或准许他免除责任;如果一个东西只是“a poor excuse for …”,则是它勉强拿某种东西当挡箭牌,实际上做得很差。
📝 学习建议
  • 先掌握名词“借口、辩解”和动词“原谅、免除、为……开脱”这条主线,不要把 excuse 只记成礼貌用语“对不起”。
  • “借口”通常暗含说话者不完全相信或不满意;表示真诚道歉时,不能机械地把所有道歉都换成 excuse。
📖 中文释义
noun
  • core 借口;辩解理由
    📖 为了减轻过错带来的责备,或避免别人负面评价而提出的理由;它可以是真实解释,也可以被听者认为是在推卸责任。
    💡 常用“an excuse for + 过错”和“make/give/offer an excuse”表示为过错找理由,也常说“no excuse for + 行为”表示某行为没有可接受的理由。这个意思通常带有怀疑或责备色彩,不等于单纯说明事情发生的原因。“excuses”常用复数表示一连串借口。
    countable uncountable
    Being tired is no excuse for speaking rudely to your parents.
    疲惫不能成为你对父母出言不逊的借口。
    She gave an excuse for missing the meeting, but nobody believed it.
    她为错过会议找了个借口,但没人相信。
  • rare 免责理由
    📖 在法律语境中,指被指控的人承认做过相关行为,但提出特殊情况来说明自己不应承担通常的法律责任。
    💡 通常出现在法律语境中,常与“legal excuse”或“an excuse for + 行为”连用。它不同于否认行为本身,而是承认行为并主张有理由免除责任。日常对话中一般用“借口”或“理由”,不必主动使用这一法律义项。
    countable uncountable
  • common 蹩脚的替代品
    📖 用来指某物只是勉强算作另一种东西,实际质量很差,常含明显的嘲讽意味;好像它拿这个名称来替自己辩解。
    💡 常用“a poor/lame excuse for + 名词”这一结构,后面的名词是它勉强被拿来冒充的东西。这个用法通常是非正式、贬义的,不能理解成普通的“例子”或“替代品”。修饰语常直接放在 excuse 前面,如“a sorry excuse for …”。
    countable often uncountable
    That broken chair is a poor excuse for a desk.
    那把坏椅子根本算不上书桌,充其量只是个蹩脚替代品。
excuses plural
verb
  • common 原谅;宽恕
    📖 承认某人做了不合适的事,但决定不再追究或责备他,相当于把这件事从责任中放过去。
    💡 常用“excuse someone for something”或“excuse something”表示原谅某人的某个过错。它可以用于日常小过失,但不一定表示深度的道德宽恕;较严重的场合常需要更明确的“forgive”。不要误用成“替某人找理由”,后者是另一个相关义项。
    transitive
    Please excuse my messy handwriting.
    请原谅我的字写得很乱。
  • core 准许免除;允许离开
    📖 把某人从一项义务、活动或场合中放出来,使他不必继续参加或履行;也可以礼貌地请求离开。
    💡 常用“excuse someone from + 名词或动名词”,表示准许某人免除一项任务;请求离开时常说“May I be excused?”或“Excuse me”,而不是直接说自己“被原谅”。“be excused”强调获得许可,不表示这个人犯错后得到宽恕。
    transitive
    The teacher excused Maya from practice because she was ill.
    玛雅生病了,所以老师准许她不参加训练。
  • core 为……开脱;为……辩护
    📖 提出理由来减轻某个行为的错误或责任,好像把它从应受责备的范围中推开;不一定表示说话者真的认同这个行为。
    💡 常用“excuse someone’s behavior/actions”或“excuse someone for doing something”,表示替某人的行为找理由、减轻其过错。这个用法常带否定或批评语气,如“don’t excuse …”,因为开脱不等于赞成。若只是客观说明行为为何发生,应使用“explain”,不要使用 excuse。
    transitive
    Nothing can excuse his decision to lie to the whole team.
    他决定对整个团队撒谎,这件事无论如何都无法开脱。
    Her difficult childhood may explain her anger, but it does not excuse it.
    她艰难的童年或许能解释她为什么愤怒,但不能为这种愤怒开脱。
  • common 为……道歉;请求谅解
    📖 以道歉或辩护的方式请求别人不要把某件事看得太严重,常用于较正式或固定的礼貌表达中。
    💡 常用“excuse oneself for + 行为”表示为自己的行为道歉,或用“Excuse me”引起注意、打断别人和表示轻微歉意。它通常适用于小失礼、小打扰或需要礼貌离开的场合,不是对严重过错的完整道歉。注意“Excuse me”既可能是道歉,也可能只是礼貌地请对方重复或让路,要结合语境判断。
    Excuse me, could you show me where the station is?
    不好意思,请问您能告诉我车站在哪里吗?
excuses present,singular,third-person excusing participle,present excused participle,past excused past
📘 英文释义 (WordNet) 共 9 组
excuse, overlook, or make allowances for; be lenient with;
同义词集: excuse condone
excuse someone's behavior
She condoned her husband's occasional infidelities
上位: forgive
serve as a reason or cause or justification of;
同义词集: excuse explain
Your need to sleep late does not excuse your late arrival at work
Her recent divorce may explain her reluctance to date again
上位: justify, vindicate 下位: alibi
grant exemption or release to
同义词集: excuse relieve let off exempt
Please excuse me from this class
上位: absolve, free 下位: frank
ask for permission to be released from an engagement
同义词集: excuse beg off
上位: ask for, bespeak, call for, quest, request
defend, explain, clear away, or make excuses for by reasoning;
同义词集: apologize apologise excuse rationalize rationalise
rationalize the child's seemingly crazy behavior
he rationalized his lack of success
上位: defend, fend for, support 下位: color, colour, extenuate, gloss, mitigate, palliate, plead
accept an excuse for
同义词集: excuse pardon
Please excuse my dirty hands
上位: forgive
a poor example;
同义词集: apology excuse
it was an apology for a meal
a poor excuse for an automobile
上位: example, illustration, instance, representative
a note explaining an absence
同义词集: excuse
he had to get his mother to write an excuse for him
上位: billet, line, note, short letter
a defense of some offensive behavior or some failure to keep a promise etc.; ;
同义词集: excuse alibi exculpation self-justification
he kept finding excuses to stay
every day he had a new alibi for not getting a job
his transparent self-justification was unacceptable
上位: defence, defense, vindication 下位: extenuation, mitigation
🌳 词源
源自拉丁语,原意与“从指控中解脱出来”有关,后来发展出“借口、原谅和开脱”等意思。
Proto-Indo-European *h₁éǵʰ Proto-Indo-European *-s Proto-Indo-European *h₁éǵʰs Proto-Italic *eks Latin ex Latin ex- Proto-Italic *kaussā Old Latin caussa Latin causa Proto-Indo-European *-h₂ Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂ Proto-Indo-European *-yéti Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti Proto-Indo-European *-h₂tiinflu. Proto-Italic *-ājō Proto-Italic *-āō Latin -ō Latin excūsāreder. Old French escuserder. Middle English excusen ▲ Latin excūsāreder. Old French excuseder. Middle English excuse English excuse From Middle English excusen (verb) and excuse (noun), borrowed from Old French escuser (verb) and excuse (noun), from Latin excūsō, excūsāre (“to excuse, allege in excuse, literally, free from a charge”), from ex (“out”) + causa (“a charge”); see cause, accuse and recuse. Displaced native Old English lād (“an excuse”) and lādian (“to excuse”).
🔄 变式
excused past excuses plural excusing present
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