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establishment

★★★
🇺🇸 /ɪstˈæblɪʃmʌnt/ 🇬🇧 /ɪˈstab.lɪʃ.mənt/
name 编号: E01441 BNC #1903 COCA #2890
establishment 主要指“建立起来”这一过程或结果,也可指已经建立的机构、场所,以及由既有权力和制度组成的统治集团;大写的 Establishment 通常特指某一社会中的既得权力阶层。
💡 记忆钩子
把 establishment 想成一座被稳稳建起来的大楼:先是“建立、确立”的动作,再是“已经确立的状态”,于是大楼本身成了机构或营业场所;如果把整座社会的大楼看作权力结构,里面掌权并维护现状的人就是 Establishment。
📝 学习建议
  • 先掌握“建立”和“机构、场所”两条主线,再学习“既得权力集团”等引申义。
  • 不要只把它理解成普通的“公司”;在政治语境中,它常指根深蒂固的统治阶层或权力体系。
📖 中文释义
name
  • common 既得权力集团
    📖 在特定语境中,Establishment 指掌握传统权力、并倾向于维护现状的那一整套精英阶层或权威集团;它不是某一栋具体建筑,而是社会中的既有权力网络。
    💡 常用结构是“某国或某社会的 Establishment”,也常和反对、挑战、批评等词连用。首字母大写时通常是这一政治社会含义;小写 establishment 则可能只是普通名词的其他意义。这个词往往带有批判色彩,不等于中性的“政府”。
    The candidate promised to challenge the political Establishment.
    这名候选人承诺要挑战政治既得权力集团。
noun
  • core 建立;确立
    📖 指把某个组织、制度或安排建立起来并正式确定的过程。它对应记忆中的“把大楼建起来”这一步,重点在动作或正式确立,而不是建立后的实体。
    💡 常用结构是“某人或某组织的 establishment of 某物”,也可说“the establishment of + 组织、制度或规则”。它通常是不可数名词,但在谈不同机构的建立时也可以用复数。不要把它和 establishment 的“机构”义混为一谈。
    countable uncountable
    The establishment of the new museum took nearly three years.
    新博物馆的建立花了将近三年。
    The agreement led to the establishment of a joint committee.
    这项协议促成了联合委员会的成立。
  • common 已建立的状态
    📖 指某个组织、制度或事业已经建立并稳定下来的状态,也就是“大楼已经立住了”。这里强调结果和持续存在,而不是建立的动作本身。
    💡 常用结构是“since its establishment”或“after the establishment of + 名词”。这个义项常用于正式书面语,中文翻译可根据上下文处理为“成立以来”“建立后”或“确立状态”。不要机械地把所有 since its establishment 都译成“自从它被建立”。
    countable uncountable
    The company has expanded rapidly since its establishment in 1998.
    这家公司自1998年成立以来发展迅速。
  • core 机构;营业场所
    📖 指已经固定存在、提供某种服务或开展某种活动的机构、企业或场所,是“建好的大楼”本身。它可以是商店、餐馆、企业、军队单位或其他长期组织。
    💡 常用结构是“a fine/popular/local establishment”或“run an establishment”,通常需要冠词或其他限定词。谈餐馆、酒吧等场所时,它比 place 更正式,也不一定只指商业店铺。不要把 establishment 误解成只表示“成立”。
    countable uncountable
    This small establishment serves excellent vegetarian food.
    这家小餐馆供应很棒的素食。
    The hotel is one of the oldest establishments in the town.
    这家酒店是镇上历史最悠久的机构之一。
  • core 统治阶层;既有权威
    📖 指社会中已经稳固的权力阶层或权威集团,尤其是维护现状的政治、经济和文化精英。它是从“已经建成的大楼”进一步引申出的“大楼里掌权的人”。
    💡 常用结构是“the political/medical/media establishment”或“challenge the establishment”。这一义项多见于新闻和政治评论,常含批评意味;若首字母大写写成 Establishment,通常更明确地指特定社会的既得权力集团。
    countable uncountable
    Young voters are increasingly skeptical of the political establishment.
    年轻选民越来越不信任政治既得权力集团。
    She became known for criticizing the cultural establishment.
    她因批评文化界的既有权威而出名。
  • common 人员编制
    📖 在公共服务或大型组织中,指按规定为运行某个部门而设置的工作人员数量,也就是这座“大楼”正式配备的岗位总数。
    💡 常用结构是“an establishment of + 数字 + 职位或人员”,尤其见于医疗、政府和公共服务语境。这里通常不是泛指当前实际到岗人数,而是正式核定或需要的编制。不要把它直接理解为某一时刻的员工总数。
    countable uncountable
    The clinic has an establishment of six doctors and twelve nurses.
    这家诊所的人员编制是六名医生和十二名护士。
  • rare 国教制度
    📖 在基督教和英国历史语境中,指教会被国家正式承认并具有官方地位的制度;可以把它看作“被国家正式建立起来的教会体系”。
    💡 通常用于正式的宗教、法律或历史讨论,常与 church、state church 等词连用。这里说的是制度地位,不是单独的一座教堂,也不是一般意义上的宗教机构。现代日常会话中使用频率较低。
    countable uncountable
establishments plural
📘 英文释义 (WordNet) 共 7 组
the act of forming or establishing something; ;
同义词集: constitution establishment formation organization organisation
the constitution of a PTA group last year
it was the establishment of his reputation
he still remembers the organization of the club
上位: beginning, commencement, start 下位: colonisation, colonization, federation, settlement
a public or private structure (business or governmental or educational) including buildings and equipment for business or residence
同义词集: establishment
上位: construction, structure 下位: academy, institution, university, wine maker, winery
the cognitive process of establishing a valid proof
同义词集: establishment validation
上位: cogent evidence, proof
an organization founded and united for a specific purpose
同义词集: institution establishment
上位: organisation, organization 下位: academy, charity, company, faith, honorary society, issuer, organized religion, religion
any large organization
同义词集: establishment
上位: organisation, organization
the persons (or committees or departments etc.) who make up a body for the purpose of administering something; ;
同义词集: administration governance governing body establishment brass organization organisation
he claims that the present administration is corrupt
the governance of an association is responsible to its members
he quickly became recognized as a member of the establishment
上位: body 下位: bench, executive, judiciary, management
(ecology) the process by which a plant or animal becomes established in a new habitat
同义词集: establishment ecesis
上位: action, activity, natural action, natural process
🌳 词源
源自中古英语和古法语,最终与 establish(建立)同源;后缀 -ment 表示行为、结果或状态。
Proto-Indo-European *steh₂- Proto-Indo-European *-éh₁ti Proto-Indo-European *-yeti Proto-Indo-European *-éh₁yeti Proto-Indo-European *sth₂éh₁yeti Proto-Italic *staējō Proto-Italic *staēō Proto-Indo-European *-tḗr Proto-Indo-European *-dʰlomder. Proto-Indo-European *-dʰlis Proto-Italic *-ðlis Proto-Italic *staðlis? Latin stabilis Proto-Indo-European *-yétider. Latin -iō Latin stabilīre Old French establir Proto-Indo-European *-mn̥ Proto-Indo-European *-mn̥tom Proto-Italic *-mentom Latin -mentum Old French -ment Old French establissementbor. Middle English stablishment English establishment Inherited from Middle English *establishment, stablishment, stablisshement, from Old French establissement (modern French établissement), from the verb establir. By surface analysis, establish + -ment.
🔄 变式
establishments plural
🏷 单词标签 & 词根