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establish
★★★★
🇺🇸 /ɪstˈæblɪʃ/
🇬🇧 /ɪˈstæb.lɪʃ/
establish 的核心意思是“把某事物稳稳立住”:可以指使事物稳定、创立机构、制定规则,也可以指证明事实并使其被认可。
💡 记忆钩子
想象把一根木桩牢牢立在地上:先是让事物站稳、稳定下来(s1),再把机构或制度立起来(s2),把规则正式钉死(s3),最后把事实钉得确凿、让人接受(s4)。
📝 学习建议
- 学习时先掌握“建立、创立”和“证明”这两个最常见方向,再用“使……稳定”和“制定规则”补全意义范围。
- 不要把它简单等同于中文的“建立”:说事实、观点或模式时,它常表示“证明并确立”,而不是创建一个实体。
📖 中文释义
verb
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core 使稳定;使站稳📖 指让植物、习惯、关系、地位等逐渐稳定下来并站住脚,不再只是刚刚开始。例如植物成活并适应环境,也可以说它已经“站稳了”。💡 常用“establish + 植物、习惯、地位等”或被动结构“become established”。这个意义强调经过一段时间后变得稳定、牢固,不只是短暂存在;不要把它误解成单纯的“开始”。transitiveThe young tree became established after a year in the new garden.这棵小树在新花园里生长一年后站稳了脚跟。
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core 创立;建立📖 指正式创办机构、组织、企业或制度,把原本不存在的事物立起来并使其持续运作。💡 常用“establish + 机构、公司、组织、关系”等结构,表示创立或建立;“establish oneself”则表示使自己在某个领域站稳脚跟。它比表示随意开始的词更正式,不能把所有“开始做某事”都替换成它。transitiveThey established a small clinic in the village.他们在村里建立了一家小诊所。The two countries established diplomatic relations last year.两国于去年建立了外交关系。
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common 制定;正式确立📖 指由有权力的个人或机构正式通过法律、规章、政策或指导原则,使它们成为应当遵守的规范。💡 常用“establish + 法律、规则、标准、政策”等结构,主语通常是政府、机构或组织。这个意义带有正式批准和确立的意味;不要只在表示个人提出一个临时建议时使用它。transitiveThe school established new safety rules for science classes.学校为科学课制定了新的安全规则。
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core 证实;确立为事实📖 指通过证据、调查或推理证明某个事实、观点或模式,使它被认为真实可靠。这里不是“创造”事实,而是把事实稳稳地确立下来。💡 常用“establish + 事实、原因、联系、模式”等结构,也可接“establish that + 从句”。它强调证据足以让人接受结论;不要把它误解为仅仅表示“提到”或“提出”一个观点。transitiveThe investigation established that the fire started in the kitchen.调查证实火灾是从厨房开始的。The study established a clear link between sleep and memory.这项研究确立了睡眠与记忆之间的明确联系。
establishes
present,singular,third-person
establishing
participle,present
established
participle,past
established
past
📘 英文释义 (WordNet)
共 8 组
use as a basis for; found on
同义词集:
establish
base
ground
found
base a claim on some observation
下位: build
establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment;
同义词集:
prove
demonstrate
establish
show
shew
The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound
The mathematician showed the validity of the conjecture
反义: confute, disprove
上位: affirm, confirm, corroborate, substantiate, support, sustain
下位: contradict, negate, prove
institute, enact, or establish
同义词集:
lay down
establish
make
make laws
上位: create, make
下位: mark, set
place
同义词集:
install
instal
set up
establish
Her manager had set her up at the Ritz
set up or lay the groundwork for
同义词集:
establish
found
plant
constitute
institute
establish a new department
上位: initiate, pioneer
下位: appoint, constitute, fix, name, nominate
bring about
同义词集:
establish
give
The trompe l'oeil-illusion establishes depth
上位: create, make
下位: introduce
build or establish something abstract
同义词集:
build
establish
build a reputation
上位: create, make
set up or found
同义词集:
establish
set up
found
launch
She set up a literacy program
反义: abolish, get rid of
上位: open, open up
🌳 词源
词源可追溯到表示“稳固、稳定”的拉丁语词根,因此各义项都保留了“立稳、确立”的核心观念。
Proto-Indo-European *steh₂-
Proto-Indo-European *-éh₁ti
Proto-Indo-European *-yeti
Proto-Indo-European *-éh₁yeti
Proto-Indo-European *sth₂éh₁yeti
Proto-Italic *staējō
Proto-Italic *staēō
Proto-Indo-European *-tḗr
Proto-Indo-European *-dʰlomder.
Proto-Indo-European *-dʰlis
Proto-Italic *-ðlis
Proto-Italic *staðlis?
Latin stabilis
Proto-Indo-European *-yétider.
Latin -iō
Latin stabilīre
Old French establirbor.
Middle English establissen
English establish
Inherited from Middle English establissen, from Old French establiss-, stem of some of the conjugated forms of establir (modern French établir), from Latin stabiliō, stabilīre, from stabilis (“firm, steady, stable”).
🔄 变式
established
past
establishes
present
establishing
present
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