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differentiation
🇺🇸 /dɪfɚˌɛnʃiˈeɪʃʌn/
🇬🇧 /dɪf.əˌɹɛn.ʃiˈeɪ.ʃən/
differentiation 是名词,核心意思是把原本相近或混在一起的事物区分开来;在生物学、地质学和微积分中也有专门用法。
💡 记忆钩子
想象一团相似的材料被逐步分开并各自成形:普通语境中是把事物区分开,生物学中是细胞或物种形成不同特征,微积分中则是把函数的变化单独“拆”出来求导。
📝 学习建议
- 先掌握“区分、形成差异”这一一般意义,再学习生物学和微积分中的专门意义。
- 不要把 differentiation 只理解成“差异”;它通常强调产生差异的过程,或区分行为本身。
- 在数学语境中,它通常指求导或微分,不是泛指任何数学上的差别。
📖 中文释义
noun
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core 区分;产生差异📖 指把相近的事物分开辨认,或使它们逐渐表现出不同特征的过程。它既可以强调主动区分,也可以强调差异逐渐形成。💡 常用 differentiation between A and B 表示“区分甲和乙”,也可用 differentiation of A from B。这个名词既可作不可数名词谈一般过程,也可用复数表示若干具体的区分;不要把它当作简单等同于 difference。countable uncountableThe course helps students develop better differentiation between similar sounds.这门课程帮助学生更好地区分相似的声音。Clear differentiation of the two products is important for customers.清楚地区分这两种产品对顾客很重要。
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common 细胞或器官分化📖 在生物学中,指未定型的细胞逐渐形成不同类型,并获得各自的结构和功能;例如,发育中的细胞可以变成肌肉细胞或神经细胞。💡 常见结构是 cell differentiation、differentiation of cells,以及 differentiation into a particular cell type。这个意义主要用于生物学和医学说明文;不要把它误解成研究人员人为地把细胞分开。countable uncountableThe researchers studied how gene activity controls cell differentiation.研究人员研究了基因活动如何控制细胞分化。
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common 物种分化📖 在进化语境中,指一个物种或其他分类群逐渐与另一个群体形成稳定差异,最终变得彼此不同;也可以指这种过程形成的区别。💡 常见结构是 evolutionary differentiation、differentiation between populations,以及 differentiation of one group from another。这个意义通常出现在进化论、分类学或生态学文本中;涉及群体时,不要自动理解为已经完成了物种形成。countable uncountableGeographic isolation can lead to differentiation between populations.地理隔离可能导致不同种群之间发生分化。
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rare 岩浆分异📖 在地质学中,指冷却中的岩浆分开形成不同岩石类型的过程,可以看作同一团物质逐渐产生不同组成。💡 常见于 magma differentiation 和 igneous differentiation 等地质学术语中。它属于专业用法,通常不用于日常谈论普通物质的分开。countable uncountable
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core 求导;微分📖 在微积分中,指对函数应用求导运算、计算其导数的过程;也就是把函数在变化过程中的瞬时变化单独提取出来。💡 常见结构是 differentiation of a function、differentiation with respect to x,以及 use differentiation to find...。它是微积分术语,通常与 derivative、integral 等词对照出现;不要把 differentiation 当作导数本身,导数通常指计算所得的结果。countable uncountableDifferentiation of this function gives the rate of change at each point.对这个函数求导可以得到每一点的变化率。We use differentiation to find the slope of the curve.我们用求导来求曲线的斜率。
differentiations
plural
📘 英文释义 (WordNet)
共 3 组
the mathematical process of obtaining the derivative of a function
同义词集:
differentiation
上位: mathematical operation, mathematical process, operation
a discrimination between things as different and distinct on the basis of their characteristics or attributes
同义词集:
differentiation
distinction
it is necessary to make a distinction between love and infatuation
上位: discrimination, secernment
下位: contrast, demarcation, dividing line, line
(biology) the structural adaptation of some body part for a particular function
同义词集:
specialization
specialisation
differentiation
cell differentiation in the developing embryo
上位: adaptation, adaption, adjustment
🌳 词源
源自拉丁语,原义与“分开携带、使分离”有关,后来发展出“产生差异、区分”的意思。
Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁
Proto-Indo-European *d(w)is-
Proto-Italic *dis-
Latin dis-
Proto-Indo-European *bʰer-
Proto-Indo-European *-eti
Proto-Indo-European *bʰéreti
Proto-Italic *ferō
Latin ferō
Latin differō
Latin differēns
Proto-Indo-European *-(i)yós
Proto-Italic *-ijos
Proto-Italic *-ios
Old Latin -ios
Latin -ius
Latin -ia
Latin differentia
New Latin differentiō
New Latin differentiātusbor.
English differentiate
Proto-Indo-European *-tis
Proto-Indo-European *-Hō
Proto-Indo-European *-tiHō
Proto-Italic *-tiō
Latin -tiō
Latin -ātiōlbor.
Old French -ationbor.
Middle English -acioun
English -ation
English -ion
English differentiation
From differentiate + -ion, from different + -iate, from differ + -ent, from Middle English differen, from Old French differer, from Latin differō (“carry apart, put off, defer; differ”), from dis- (“apart”) + ferō (“carry, bear”); cognate with Ancient Greek διαφέρω (diaphérō, “to differ”).
🔄 变式
differentiations
plural
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