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design
★★★★★
🇺🇸 /dɪzˈaɪn/
🇬🇧 /dɪˈzaɪn/
design 既可以指为解决问题而制定的方案，也可以指作品或物品的设计样式；作动词时表示规划并制作某物。
💡 记忆钩子
把 design 想成一张“先画蓝图、再做成物品”的图纸：它先是解决问题的方案，再延伸为图案、外形和整体构成；作动词就是亲自规划并制作。涉及人的 design 还可以表示心里的打算或企图。
📝 学习建议
- 先掌握名词“设计、方案”和动词“设计、规划”这条主线，再学习表示“企图”的用法。
- 不要把 design 只理解成“好看的外观”；它也常指功能、结构和解决问题的整体方案。
📖 中文释义
noun
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core 解决问题的设计方案📖 指为满足某些要求、解决某个问题而制定的整体方案，重点不只是外观，还包括需要达到的条件和功能。💡 常用“the design of 某物”或“a design for 某物”，可数时表示一个具体方案，不可数时表示设计这一活动或领域。不要只把它译成“图案”，因为这里通常包含功能和要求。countable uncountableThe design of the new water system saves both time and energy.这套新供水系统的设计既节省时间，也节省能源。We need a better design for this crowded classroom.我们需要为这间拥挤的教室设计一个更好的方案。
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core 结构和功能的规划📖 指建筑、设备、系统或其他人工制品在制作前的结构与功能规划，也就是通常所说的“蓝图”或“设计方案”。💡 常见搭配是“the initial/final design of 某物”和“a design for 某物”。它可以指详细的计划，也可以泛指构思；不要误以为它只表示已经完成的成品。countable uncountableThe initial design of the park was too expensive to build.公园最初的设计建造成本太高。The engineers changed the design to make the bridge safer.工程师修改了设计，使这座桥更加安全。
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common 图案或装饰样式📖 指艺术品、建筑或商品上的图案和装饰样式，是从整体设计方案中显现出来的视觉部分。💡 表示多个款式或图案时常用复数“designs”，例如“new designs for 衣物或产品”。表示图案时通常关注视觉样式，不一定涉及完整的工程规划。countable uncountableThe shop has several bright designs for summer shirts.这家店有几种鲜艳的夏季衬衫图案。
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common 作品的整体构成📖 指一件艺术作品各部分如何安排、组合成整体的构成方式，重点在整体布局和表现效果。💡 常用“the design of a painting/building”等结构。这里谈的是作品整体如何组织，不要只理解成表面的装饰图案。countable uncountableThe simple design of the painting makes its message clear.这幅画简洁的构成方式使它的主题十分清楚。
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common 打算或计划📖 指心中想要实现的计划或打算，是“蓝图”这个核心概念从物品延伸到行动的用法。💡 常见结构是“have designs on 某人或某事”，表示对某人或某事另有打算，语气可带有野心或算计。不要把这里的 design 理解成单纯的绘图或外观设计。countable uncountableShe has designs on becoming the next team captain.她打算成为下一任队长。
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common 恶意企图📖 指带有伤害、欺骗或其他不良目的的企图，是“打算”这个意义中特别负面的用法。💡 常见搭配是“evil designs”或“have evil designs on 某人”。这个用法语气明显偏负面；普通的计划不要随意加上 evil。countable uncountable
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common 物品的外形与美观设计📖 指赋予物品的形状和外观，尤其强调为了让它更漂亮、更有吸引力而作出的设计。💡 常用“the design of 某物”或“a modern/elegant design”。它可以和功能设计重叠，但此义更关注外观给人的感觉，不等于单独的装饰图案。countable uncountableI like the clean design of this lamp.我喜欢这盏灯简洁的外观设计。
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common 设计艺术或设计领域📖 指设计本身作为一种艺术、专业或创作领域，包含对物品、建筑和视觉作品的规划与造型。💡 通常作不可数名词，用于“家具设计”“工业设计”等领域名称。表示某一个具体方案时，则应使用可数的“a design”。countable uncountableShe studied furniture design at college.她在大学学习家具设计。
designs
plural
verb
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core 设计并制作📖 指先构思、规划，再把图像、艺术品、建筑或其他物品做出来，是名词“设计方案”变成行动的用法。💡 常见结构是“design 某物”或“design 某物 to do something”，后面直接接被设计的对象。不要在普通现代用法中把它当作不及物动词单独表示“进行设计”。transitiveThe team designed a lighter helmet for cyclists.团队为骑行者设计了一种更轻的头盔。She designs websites for small businesses.她为小企业设计网站。
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rare 打算做某事📖 旧式用法，表示打算做某事，可看作把行动先画成一张心里的蓝图。💡 通常见于古旧或历史文本，常用“design to do something”。现代英语表达“打算”一般不用这种不及物用法。intransitive obsolete
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rare 指定或任命📖 旧式用法，指把某人或某物指定给某个职位、任务或对象。💡 多见于古典或正式历史语境，现代英语通常使用表示“指定、任命”的其他动词。学习时把它识别为旧义即可，不必主动仿用。obsolete transitive
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rare 指出或标明📖 旧式用法，指把某人或某物标示出来、指出来，和“先作标记再说明”的词源线索相连。💡 主要出现在古旧文本中，现代日常英语不用它表示“指出”。遇到时根据上下文理解为“标明、指定”即可。obsolete transitive
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rare 显示要求📖 技术性旧义，指明确说明某物或某过程必须满足的要求，使它能够解决特定问题。💡 这种用法常见于理论性或技术性文字，句子结构可直接接要求或条件。日常交流中通常改用表示“规定、说明要求”的更常见动词。
designs
present,singular,third-person
designing
participle,present
designed
participle,past
designed
past
📘 英文释义 (WordNet)
共 14 组
intend or have as a purpose
同义词集:
design
She designed to go far in the world of business
上位: intend, mean, think
plan something for a specific role or purpose or effect
同义词集:
design
This room is not designed for work
上位: designate, destine, intend, specify
the act of working out the form of something (as by making a sketch or outline or plan)
同义词集:
design
designing
he contributed to the design of a new instrument
下位: planning
conceive or fashion in the mind; invent
同义词集:
design
She designed a good excuse for not attending classes that day
上位: conceive, conceptualise, conceptualize, gestate
make or work out a plan for; devise; ;
同义词集:
plan
project
contrive
design
They contrived to murder their boss
design a new sales strategy
plan an attack
下位: concert, map, map out, plot
make a design of; plan out in systematic, often graphic form;
同义词集:
design
plan
design a better mousetrap
plan the new wing of the museum
下位: blueprint, draft, draught, engineer, redesign
create the design for; create or execute in an artistic or highly skilled manner
同义词集:
design
Chanel designed the famous suit
上位: create, make
下位: cut, tailor
create designs
同义词集:
design
Dupont designs for the house of Chanel
上位: create, make
a decorative or artistic work
同义词集:
design
pattern
figure
the coach had a design on the doors
上位: decoration, ornament, ornamentation
下位: argyle, argyll, decal, decalcomania, device, emblem, mandala, marking, motif, motive, tattoo, weave
a preliminary sketch indicating the plan for something
同义词集:
design
the design of a building
上位: sketch, study
the creation of something in the mind
同义词集:
invention
innovation
excogitation
conception
design
上位: creative thinking, creativeness, creativity
下位: concoction
an arrangement scheme; ;
同义词集:
design
plan
the awkward design of the keyboard made operation difficult
it was an excellent design for living
a plan for seating guests
上位: arrangement, organisation, organization, system
下位: configuration, constellation, layout, snare, trap
something intended as a guide for making something else;
同义词集:
blueprint
design
pattern
a blueprint for a house
a pattern for a skirt
上位: plan, program, programme
an anticipated outcome that is intended or that guides your planned actions; ; ;
同义词集:
purpose
intent
intention
aim
design
his intent was to provide a new translation
good intentions are not enough
it was created with the conscious aim of answering immediate needs
he made no secret of his designs
上位: end, goal
下位: cross-purpose, idea, mind, sake, view, will
🌳 词源
源自拉丁语，核心本义与“标记、指出”有关，后来发展出“规划、设计”的意思；与 designate 同源。
Proto-Indo-European *de
Proto-Indo-European *-h₁
Proto-Indo-European *déh₁
Proto-Italic *dē
Latin dē
Latin dē-
Proto-Indo-European *sek-?
Proto-Indo-European *-nóm
Proto-Italic *segnom
Proto-Indo-European *-h₂
Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂
Proto-Indo-European *-yéti
Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti
Proto-Indo-European *-h₂tiinflu.
Proto-Italic *-ājō
Proto-Italic *-āō
Proto-Italic *segnāō
Latin signō
Latin designōder.
Old French designerder.
Middle English designen
English design
From Middle English designen, from Old French designer, from Latin designō (“to mark out, point out, describe, design, contrive”), from de- (or dis-) + signō (“to mark”), from signum (“mark”). Doublet of designate.
🔄 变式
designed
past
designing
present
designs
plural
🏷 单词标签 & 词根