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derelict
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🇺🇸 /dˈɛɹʌlˌɪkt/
🇬🇧 /ˈdɛr.ə.lɪkt/
derelict 主要表示“被遗弃、无人照管”,可形容人或物,也可指破败失修的地方;作名词时指被遗弃的财物或处境潦倒的人,作动词的用法已过时。
💡 记忆钩子
把它想成一艘没人管的船:先是“被主人遗弃”,接着因无人照料而“破败”,再引申为人“失去依靠、迷失方向”;名词就是那艘被遗弃的船或类似处境的人。
📝 学习建议
- 先掌握形容词“被遗弃、破败失修”和名词“被遗弃的东西”,再记住比喻义“失去依靠”。
- 不要把它简单理解成“死亡”或“无用”;核心是原本有人负责、后来被抛下或不再照管。
- 指人的名词用法常带贬义,谈论无家可归者时应谨慎。
📖 中文释义
adj
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core 被遗弃的📖 指原本由某人负责或拥有、后来被抛下不再照管的人或物,就像没人管的船或孩子。💡 常用“被遗弃的人或物 + be derelict”或“derelict + 名词”的结构。它强调责任人已经放弃照管,不只是暂时无人陪伴。形容儿童等人时语气较正式,不能随意替换所有表示“孤单”的词。The rescue team found a derelict dog near the highway.救援队在公路附近发现了一只被遗弃的狗。The island was once home to a derelict lighthouse.那座岛上曾有一座被遗弃的灯塔。
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common (船等)被遗弃的📖 尤其指船只被主人遗弃、无人驾驶或照管,成为漂泊或搁置的空船。💡 最典型的搭配是“a derelict ship”或“a derelict boat”。这里的重点仍是船被遗弃,而不是单纯破旧;若只想说外观老旧,使用“old”或“dilapidated”更合适。specificallyA derelict ship was blocking the entrance to the harbor.一艘被遗弃的船挡住了港口入口。
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core 破败失修的📖 形容房屋、工厂、土地等因为长期被遗弃或忽视而破败不堪;“无人照管”进一步造成了“破旧”的结果。💡 常用“derelict building/site/factory/land”这类搭配,也可说“a building lies derelict”。它侧重长期荒废和缺乏维护,不只是暂时空置;不要把所有空房都称为这个词。broadlyThe city plans to turn the derelict factory into apartments.市政府计划把那座破败的工厂改造成公寓。
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common 失去依靠、迷失的📖 比喻人或思想像被遗弃的船一样失去引导,不知该往哪里去。💡 常用于较正式的书面语,描述人在失去领导、家庭或方向后处于无所适从的状态。可作表语或放在名词前,但日常对话中通常用“lost”或“without direction”更自然;不要把它理解成单纯的身体走失。figurativelyAfter his mentor died, he felt derelict and unable to make a decision.导师去世后,他感到失去了依靠,连决定都无法作出。
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common 玩忽职守的📖 指没有履行自己应尽的职责,像放弃照管一样不负责任。💡 最常见的结构是“be derelict in one’s duty/duties”,其中“in”不能省略。这个义项主要见于美国英语和正式语境,通常批评机构或负责人;不要用它泛泛表示“粗心”。USThe manager was derelict in his duty to protect the workers.那名经理玩忽职守,没有履行保护工人的责任。
more derelict
comparative
most derelict
superlative
noun
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core 被遗弃的财产📖 指原主人放弃、无人负责的土地、建筑或其他财物;它把“被遗弃”这个形容词义变成了名词。💡 谈一类财产时常用不可数形式,如“property has become derelict”;谈具体物件时通常使用可数形式并加冠词。不要把它误当作一般的“遗物”,因为这里强调的是无人照管或无人认领。uncountableThe council is looking for ways to restore derelict property in the town center.市政委员会正在设法修复市中心被遗弃的房产。
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common 被遗弃的物件📖 指一件具体的被遗弃物,尤其常指无人使用的船只或车辆。💡 通常说“a derelict”或“a derelict ship/vehicle”,可数时必须有冠词或其他限定词。这个用法比单说“an abandoned thing”更正式,法律或新闻报道中较常见;不要把形容词直接当名词用于所有普通物品。specifically uncountableDivers discovered a derelict on the seabed.潜水员在海床上发现了一件被遗弃的物件。
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rare 被遗弃的人📖 指被抛弃、失去照料的人,带有“无人依靠”的核心意思;这种用法较陈旧。💡 通常用“a derelict”指一个人,属于文学或过时用法。现代英语中不宜用它作为对人的随意称呼,因为听起来冷漠且可能冒犯;需要表达具体处境时应直接说明这个人被谁遗弃。countable dated
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common 无家可归或生活潦倒的人📖 指没有稳定住所或工作、生活状况很差的人,也可带有指责其不修边幅、不料理生活的意味。💡 常见结构是“a derelict”或复数“derelicts”,但它是带贬义的标签,不适合礼貌地指称无家可归者。新闻、历史材料或刻画人物时可能出现;日常交流应优先使用更中性的说法。broadly countable derogatoryThe shelter offers hot meals and medical care to people living on the streets.这家收容所为流落街头的人提供热餐和医疗照护。
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common 失职的人📖 指没有履行职责的人,相当于把“玩忽职守”这一形容词义用于具体的人。💡 通常用“a derelict in his or her duty”这类正式结构,或直接说“a derelict official”。这个义项主要见于美国英语和正式批评语境;不要把它当作普通的“懒人”或“粗心的人”。US countableThe report described the officer as a derelict in his duty.报告称那名官员没有履行职责。
derelicts
plural
verb
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rare 遗弃📖 表示把某人或某物抛下、不再照管,是形容词核心“被遗弃”的反向动作,但属于过时用法。💡 历史用法中可直接接宾语,如“derelict a person”,但现代英语不这样说。阅读旧文献时把它理解为“abandon”即可,不要仿照它造现代句子;现代表达应使用“abandon”。obsolete rare transitive
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rare 玩忽职责📖 表示没有履行职责,是“失职”义的动词表达,现已过时。💡 旧文本中可见表示偏离或未尽职责的结构,但现代英语通常用“neglect one’s duty”或“fail in one’s duty”。它不适合用于现代正式写作,也不要与现代常见的“be derelict in one’s duty”混为一谈。intransitive obsolete rare
derelicts
present,singular,third-person
derelicting
participle,present
derelicted
participle,past
derelicted
past
📘 英文释义 (WordNet)
共 6 组
in deplorable condition; ; ;
同义词集:
bedraggled
broken-down
derelict
dilapidated
ramshackle
tatterdemalion
tumble-down
a street of bedraggled tenements
a broken-down fence
a ramshackle old pier
a tumble-down shack
近似: damaged
failing in what duty requires; ;
同义词集:
derelict
delinquent
neglectful
remiss
derelict (or delinquent) in his duty
neglectful of his duties
remiss of you not to pay your bills
近似: negligent
forsaken by owner or inhabitants
同义词集:
abandoned
derelict
deserted
weed-grown yard of an abandoned farmhouse
近似: uninhabited
worn and broken down by hard use; ; ; ;
同义词集:
creaky
decrepit
derelict
flea-bitten
run-down
woebegone
a creaky shack
a decrepit bus...its seats held together with friction tape
a flea-bitten sofa
a run-down neighborhood
a woebegone old shack
近似: worn
a ship abandoned on the high seas
同义词集:
abandoned ship
derelict
上位: ship
a person without a home, job, or property
同义词集:
derelict
上位: pauper
🌳 词源
形容词和动词源自拉丁语,核心词源义是“彻底离开、遗弃”;名词由形容词转化而来。
The adjective and verb are a learned borrowing from Latin dērelictus (“(completely) abandoned, deserted, forsaken; discarded”), the perfect passive participle of dērelinquō (“to abandon, desert, forsake; to discard”), from dē- (prefix meaning ‘away from; completely, thoroughly’) + relinquō (“to abandon, desert, forsake, leave (behind); to depart (from); to give up, relinquish”) (from Proto-Italic *wrelinkʷō, from *wre (“again”) (whence Latin rē- (prefix meaning ‘again’)) + *linkʷō (“to leave”) (whence linquō (“to forsake; depart from, leave, quit”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *leykʷ- (“to leave”))). Doublet of relict, relic, and relinquish.
The noun is derived from the adjective.
🔄 变式
derelicted
past
derelicting
present
derelicts
plural
more derelict
compar
most derelict
superl
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