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contract
★★★★
🇺🇸 /kˈɑntɹˌækt/
🇬🇧 /ˈkɔntɹakt/
contract 主要表示“把东西拉到一起”:可以是签订的合同,也可以是收缩、缩短,或染上疾病、养成习惯。
💡 记忆钩子
把不同东西“拉到一起”就是 contract:双方把承诺拉到一起,形成“合同”;身体或范围被拉拢,就“收缩”;词语被拉短,就成了缩写;人还可能“招致”疾病或习惯,仿佛把它们拉到了自己身上。
📝 学习建议
- 先掌握名词“合同”和动词“收缩、签订合同”这条主线,再学习“染病、养成习惯”等引申义。
- 不要只把 contract 理解成“合同”;动词 contract a disease 是“染上疾病”,不是“签订疾病”。
- 注意名词和动词的重音通常不同:名词重音在前,动词重音在后。
📖 中文释义
adj
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rare 已订婚的📖 古旧用法,表示已经订婚,双方的关系像被正式“拉到一起”。💡 通常只在古英语文学语境中出现,常作表语或后置修饰语。现代英语中不要用它表示普通的“订婚”;应改用现代常用表达。not-comparable obsolete
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rare 具体的📖 古旧用法,表示具体而非抽象的事物,像是把抽象概念拉回到可明确指认的对象上。💡 这一义项在现代英语中几乎不用,主要见于早期学术或历史文本。现代语境中表达“具体的”应使用普通现代词语,不要套用 contract。not-comparable obsolete
noun
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core 合同;协议📖 双方或多方把工作、责任和承诺正式拉到一起形成的协议,常常有固定期限并写成文件。💡 常用搭配是 sign a contract、work under a contract 和 a contract with someone。它既可以指协议关系,也可以指承载协议的文件;说“签合同”时通常用 sign a contract,而不是 make a contract。The company signed a two-year contract with the university.这家公司与那所大学签订了为期两年的合同。Please read the contract carefully before you sign it.签字前请仔细阅读这份合同。
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common 具有法律约束力的合同📖 在法律语境中,contract 是一项可依法执行的承诺安排;双方的义务和权利被正式固定下来。💡 常见于 legal contract、breach of contract 和 enter into a contract 等搭配。法律上的合同不只是口头约定,重点在于它能产生可执行的义务;具体成立条件随法律制度而异。The court ruled that the agreement was a legally binding contract.法院裁定这项协议是一份具有法律约束力的合同。
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common 合同文件📖 指写有合同内容的那份文件,而不是抽象的协议关系本身。💡 通常与 the、a 或 this 等限定词连用,如 sign the contract、send me a copy of the contract。上下文强调纸面文本时才特别突出这一义;很多时候它仍可同时包含“合同协议”的意思。The signed contract is stored in the finance office.签署后的合同文件存放在财务办公室。
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rare 合同法📖 法律学习中的一个领域,专门研究合同及其相关法律规则。💡 通常出现在 law、course、class 等词旁边,如 study contract law。这里不是一份具体合同,也不是“合同文件”;在普通会话中一般不会单独这样使用。
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common 买凶杀人的委托📖 非正式犯罪语境中,指交给杀手的杀人委托;可以理解为把“杀人任务”以合同形式交给某人。💡 常见结构是 put a contract out on someone,表示“悬赏或雇人杀某人”。这一用法带有强烈的犯罪和非正式色彩,常见于新闻、小说或影视叙述,不适合普通正式场合。informalThe gang put a contract out on the witness.那个帮派悬赏要杀掉这名证人。
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rare 定约📖 桥牌中,指叫牌者承诺在指定将牌花色下赢得约定数量的墩数。💡 只用于桥牌等牌类游戏语境,常与 make、fulfill 或 go down 等术语搭配。没有牌类游戏上下文时,读者通常会优先理解为“合同”。
contracts
plural
verb
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core 收缩;缩小📖 把身体、肌肉、范围或距离向一起拉,使它变短、变窄或变小。💡 常见结构是 something contracts、contract into something 和 contract the muscles。它既可描述自然收缩,也可表示使某物收缩;不要误解为“签合同”,上下文中的主语和身体、空间等词会提示这个意思。ambitransitiveThe metal contracts as it cools.金属冷却时会收缩。The snake contracted its body before striking.那条蛇在攻击前收缩了身体。
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common 缩写;缩短词语📖 把一个词或一串音节拉短,省去字母或把几个音合并成更短的形式。💡 常见结构是 contract A to B 或 A is contracted to B。这个义项多见于语法、语言学和说明文字;日常英语更常用 shorten 或 contraction 来谈“缩写形式”,不要把名词 contract 当作“缩写”。In informal speech, people often contract “I am” to “I'm.”在非正式口语中,人们常把“I am”缩写成“I'm”。
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core 签订协议📖 通过双方同意,把承诺和责任拉到一起,达成合同或协议。💡 常见结构是 contract with someone、contract to do something 和 contract for a service。contract with 后接合作对象,contract to do 后接约定做的事;正式商业语境中常比 agree 更郑重。intransitiveThe city contracted with a local firm to repair the bridge.市政府与一家当地公司签约维修这座桥。
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common 与某人签约📖 与某人或某机构建立合同关系,使对方成为合同中的服务提供者或合作方。💡 常见结构是 contract someone or a company to do something,也可说 contract with someone。及物用法后面直接接人或机构;不要在这种结构中误加表示“和”的介词。transitiveWe contracted a professional team to install the new system.我们聘请了一支专业团队安装新系统。
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rare 订立协议📖 古旧用法,表示彼此订立具有共同义务的安排,也就是把双方正式拉到同一协议中。💡 这一义项带有古旧色彩,现代英语通常用 enter into an agreement、agree 或 make a contract。阅读历史文本时可识别它,但不建议学习者主动使用。archaic transitive
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common 招致;养成📖 把某种后果、习惯或状态“拉到自己身上”,因此表示招致、染上或养成某事。💡 常见搭配是 contract a habit、contract a debt 和 contract an obligation。它通常接名词作宾语,语气比 get 或 develop 更正式;不要只把 contract 后的名词看成合同对象。transitiveHe contracted a bad habit while working night shifts.他上夜班期间养成了一个坏习惯。
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common 染上疾病📖 把疾病带到自己身上,指感染或患上某种疾病。💡 常见结构是 contract a disease、contract an infection 或 contract influenza。这个用法较正式,新闻和医学语境尤其常见;日常会话也可以用 catch 或 get,但 contract 不是“与疾病签合同”。transitiveSeveral travelers contracted the infection during the trip.几名旅行者在旅途中染上了这种感染病。
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common 皱起;紧蹙📖 把额头或面部肌肉向一起拉,形成皱纹或紧绷的表情。💡 常见结构是 contract one’s brow、contract the forehead 或 one’s face contracts。这个用法常用于描写表情,正式程度略高于 wrinkle;不要把它和表示“收缩”的一般物理用法混淆。She contracted her brow when she heard the strange noise.听到那个奇怪的声音时,她皱起了眉头。
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rare 订婚📖 古旧用法,表示订婚,即把两个人的婚姻关系预先正式确定下来。💡 主要见于古典文学或历史叙述,现代英语不用 contract 表示普通的“订婚”。现代表达通常使用 get engaged 或 be engaged to someone。
contracts
present,singular,third-person
contracting
participle,present
contracted
participle,past
contracted
past
📘 英文释义 (WordNet)
共 12 组
be stricken by an illness, fall victim to an illness; ;
同义词集:
contract
take
get
He got AIDS
She came down with pneumonia
She took a chill
下位: catch
become smaller or draw together;
同义词集:
shrink
contract
The fabric shrank
The balloon shrank
反义: expand, spread out, stretch
上位: decrease, diminish, fall, lessen
下位: flex
reduce in scope while retaining essential elements
同义词集:
abridge
foreshorten
abbreviate
shorten
cut
contract
reduce
The manuscript must be shortened
反义: dilate, elaborate, enlarge, expand, expatiate, exposit, expound, flesh out, lucubrate
上位: decrease, lessen, minify
下位: bowdlerise, bowdlerize, castrate, concentrate, condense, digest, expurgate, shorten
make or become more narrow or restricted;
同义词集:
narrow
contract
The selection was narrowed
The road narrowed
反义: widen
上位: change
下位: bottleneck
参见: narrow, narrow down, specialise, specialize
compress or concentrate
同义词集:
condense
concentrate
contract
Congress condensed the three-year plan into a six-month plan
上位: alter, change, modify
a variety of bridge in which the bidder receives points toward game only for the number of tricks he bid
同义词集:
contract
contract bridge
上位: bridge
下位: no-trump
enter into a contractual arrangement
同义词集:
contract
undertake
上位: assure, promise
下位: charter, condition, hire, lease, qualify, rent, sign, specify, stipulate
make smaller
同义词集:
contract
The heat contracted the woollen garment
上位: reduce, shrink
下位: purse, wrinkle
squeeze or press together;
同义词集:
compress
constrict
squeeze
compact
contract
press
she compressed her lips
the spasm contracted the muscle
上位: tighten
下位: choke, fret, gag, prim, scrag, strangle
engage by written agreement
同义词集:
sign
contract
sign on
sign up
They signed two new pitchers for the next season
上位: employ, engage, hire
a binding agreement between two or more persons that is enforceable by law
同义词集:
contract
下位: charter, concession, grant, insurance, insurance policy, lease, partnership, policy
(contract bridge) the highest bid becomes the contract setting the number of tricks that the bidder must make
同义词集:
contract
declaration
上位: bid, bidding
🌳 词源
来自拉丁语 contrahere,原意是“拉到一起、促成、达成协议”,由表示“共同”的成分和表示“拉”的成分组成。
From Middle English, from Middle French contracter, from Latin contractum, past participle of contrahere (“to bring together, to bring about, to conclude a bargain”), from con- (“with, together”) + trahere (“to draw, to pull”). The verb developed after the noun, and originally meant only "draw together"; the sense "make a contract with" developed later.
🔄 变式
contracted
past
contracting
present
contracts
plural
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