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blackmail
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🇺🇸 /blˈækmˌeɪl/
blackmail 指用威胁公开丑闻、指控或其他不利信息的方式,勒索钱财或好处;也可指用来勒索的隐私或把柄。
💡 记忆钩子
想象有人抓住别人的把柄,威胁说“不给钱就公开”,于是“把柄”引出“勒索”,这就是 blackmail 的核心;名词既可指这种勒索行为,也可指被用来勒索的材料,动词则是实施这种行为。
📝 学习建议
- 先掌握“用把柄威胁并索取钱财或好处”这一核心,不要把它泛泛理解成普通的“敲诈”或“批评”。
- 名词既能表示勒索行为,也能表示被掌握的隐私材料,需结合上下文判断。
📖 中文释义
noun
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core 勒索行为📖 指拿可能损害某人名誉、事业或生活的事情作威胁,逼对方交钱或提供某种好处。重点不只是“有把柄”,而是利用把柄施加压力并提出要求。💡 常用结构是“blackmail for money”或“blackmail by threatening to expose...”,表示以公开某事相威胁来索取钱财。它多指一种行为或做法,通常用作不可数名词;不要把所有强硬的批评或普通的讨价还价都称为 blackmail。uncountableThe journalist refused to pay the blackmail.那名记者拒绝支付勒索者索要的钱。She reported the blackmail to the police.她向警方报告了这起勒索事件。
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common 勒索把柄📖 指掌握在手、可以用来威胁某人的隐私、证据或其他不利材料;这里强调的是“材料本身”,不是实施勒索的行为。💡 常见结构是“have blackmail on someone”或“use something as blackmail”,表示手里有某人的把柄或把某事当作勒索材料。这个意义通常仍作不可数名词使用,常与“material”连用;不要误解为任何令人尴尬的信息都必然构成 blackmail。broadly uncountableThe emails gave him enough blackmail to control the politician.这些电子邮件给了他足以控制那名政治人物的勒索把柄。
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rare 旧式保护费📖 指历史上边境居民为免遭劫掠而向武装团伙或其盟友支付的钱、粮食或牲畜,是现代“以威胁换取财物”这一核心概念的旧式来源。💡 通常只出现在历史说明、古语词典或研究性文章中,常与历史背景连用。现代日常英语里不要用这个意义谈普通的保护费或犯罪勒索。archaic uncountable
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rare 黑租📖 指历史上以谷物、肉类或低面值钱币缴纳的租金,与以银币缴纳的“白租”相对。这个意义保留了早期词源中的支付概念,现代英语中极少使用。💡 常见于英国历史、法律或土地制度的专业语境,通常作为不可数名词使用。除非上下文明确讨论历史租金制度,否则不要把 blackmail 理解成一般的租金或房租。England historical uncountable
verb
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core 勒索某人📖 指拿可能损害某人名誉、精神状态或事业的事情作威胁,逼这个人交钱、提供好处或做某件事。它和名词的核心意义相同,但这里强调的是具体实施勒索的动作。💡 常用结构是“blackmail someone into doing something”或“blackmail someone by threatening to expose...”,表示逼某人做某事或以公开信息相威胁。blackmail 后面直接接被勒索的人,不要说“blackmail to someone”;也不要把身体暴力本身当作这个词的必要条件。transitiveThey blackmailed him into handing over the money.他们勒索他交出了那笔钱。Someone tried to blackmail the actor by threatening to publish the photos.有人威胁要公开那些照片,试图勒索那名演员。
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rare 诋毁📖 在肯尼亚英语中,blackmail 还可表示说某人的坏话或诋毁某人;这是地区性用法,不是国际英语中最常见的“勒索”意义。💡 通常用作及物动词,结构是“blackmail someone”,但这个地区性意义只适合明确的肯尼亚英语语境。一般国际英语读者看到它时会首先理解为“勒索”,因此在普通写作中不要用它单独表示诋毁。Kenya
blackmails
present,singular,third-person
blackmailing
participle,present
blackmailed
participle,past
blackmailed
past
📘 英文释义 (WordNet)
共 3 组
extortion of money by threats to divulge discrediting information
同义词集:
blackmail
上位: extortion
obtain through threats
同义词集:
blackmail
上位: extort
exert pressure on someone through threats
同义词集:
blackmail
blackjack
pressure
上位: act upon, influence, work
🌳 词源
原指边境居民为换取免遭劫掠而支付的保护费,后来扩大为各种以威胁为手段的勒索钱财。
From black + mail (“a piece of money”). Compare Middle English blak rente (“a type of blackmail levied by Irish chieftains”).
The word is variously derived from the tribute paid by English and Scottish border dwellers to border reivers in return for immunity from raids and other harassment. This tribute was paid in goods or labour, in Latin reditus nigri (“black mail”); the opposite is blanche firmes or reditus albi (“white rent”), denoting payment by silver.
McKay derives it from two Scottish Gaelic words blàthaich, pronounced (the th silent) bl-aich, "to protect" and màl (“tribute, payment”). He notes that the practice was common in the Scottish Highlands as well as the Borders.
More likely, from black + Middle English mal, male, maile (“a payment, rent, tribute”), from Old English māl (“speech, contract, agreement, lawsuit, terms, bargaining”), from Old Norse mál (“agreement, speech, lawsuit”); related to Old English mæðel (“meeting, council”), mæl (“speech”), Gothic 𐌼𐌰𐌸𐌻 (maþl, “meeting place”), from Proto-Germanic *maþlą (“gathering, agreement”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *med- (“to give advice, measure”). From the practice of freebooting clan chieftains who ran protection rackets against Scottish farmers. Black from the evil of the practice.
Expanded c. 1826 to any type of extortion money. Compare silver mail (“rent paid in money”) (1590s); buttock mail (“fine imposed for fornication”) (1530s, Scottish).
🔄 变式
blackmailed
past
blackmailing
present
blackmails
present
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